Glossary

A comprehensive online glossary of terms and definitions related to built environment, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC), as well as refrigeration, building envelope, electrical, lighting, water and energy use, solar power, concentrating solar power (CSP), and measurement terms.

HVAC and Solar energy engineering Terminology

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There are currently 139 terms in this directory beginning with the letter N.
n-type
Negative semiconductor material in which there are more electrons than holes; current is carried through it by the flow of electrons.

n-type semiconductor
A semiconductor produced by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron-donor impurity (e.g., phosphorus in silicon).

n-type silicon
Silicon material that has been doped with a material that has more electrons in its atomic structure than does silicon.

NACE
National Association of Corrosion Engineers

nadir
(1) object point that is directly beneath an aircraft flying an airborne imaging survey. (2) point of the celestial sphere that is directly opposite the zenith and vertically downward from the observer.

NAE
National Academy of Engineering

NAHC
National Association of Health Consultants

NAHSE
National Association of Health Services Executives

NAICS
North American Industry Classification System, as published by the Office of Management and Budget, 1997.

NAIMA
North American Insulation Manufacturers Association

nameplate rating
full-load, continuous rating of a generator, prime mover, or other equipment under specified conditions, as designated by the manufacturer and usually indicated on an attached plate. Compare to [[capacity]].

nanometer
One billionth of a meter.

NAPE
National Association of Power Engineers, Inc.

NAPHCC
National Association of Plumbing-­Heating-­Cooling Contractors

naphthenic oil
a petroleum-lubricating oil fraction in which naphthenic ring-type hydrocarbon structures predominate.

NAS
National Academy of Sciences

National Electrical Code (NEC)
Contains guidelines for all types of electrical installations. The 1984 and later editions of the NEC contain Article 690, Solar Photovoltaic Systems which should be followed when installing a PV system.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
This organization sets standards for some non-electronic products like junction boxes.

nationally recognized laboratory
see [[laboratory]].

natural air circulation
(1) air circulation caused by air movement or pressure differences. (2) air circulation caused by differences of density induced by differences of temperature and/or humidity.

natural convection
heat transmission by movement of a fluid, caused by density differences. Usually created by a thermal heat source or heat sink.

natural convection cooling
(1) cooling a fluid by natural convection over the cooling surface. (2) cooling a space by means of air cooled by natural convection.

natural draft
airflow resulting from the difference between atmospheric density and some lower density; chimney effect.

natural gas
naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous geologic formations beneath the earth’s surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal constituent is methane.

natural ventilation
movement of air into and out of a space primarily through intentionally provided openings (such as windows and doors), through nonpowered ventilators, or by infiltration.

natural-draft burner
burner that depends primarily on the natural draft created in the chimney or venting system to induce the air required for combustion into the burner.

natural-draft water-cooling tower
one in which air movement is dependent upon the difference in density between the entering air and internal air. As the heat of the water is transferred to the air passing through the tower, the warmed air tends to rise and draw in fresh air at the base of the tower. See [[hyperbolic tower]].

naturally stratified storage
thermal storage in which temperature stratification is achieved and maintained by density differences alone and not by mechanical separators.

NBFU
National Board of Fire Underwriters

NBS
National Bureau of Standards

NCEE
National Council of Engineering Examiners

NCPWB
National Certified Pipe Welding Bureau

NCSBCS
National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards

near azeotropic
a zeotropic blend with a temperature glide sufficiently small that it may be disregarded without consequential error in analysis for a specific application.

near field
the sound field close to a sound source (between the source and the far field) where the instantaneous sound pressure and particle velocity are not in phase. Measurements in this region typically do not correlate to sound power measured at a further distance, and the boundary of this field is typically one to two dimensions of the source away.

near resonance
operation at a frequency near, but not exactly equal to, the resonance frequency.

NEBB
National Environmental Balancing Bureau

nebulize
to supply very fine water spray or steam into an airstream or enclosure.

NEC
See National Electrical Code.

needle bearing
type of roller bearing in which rod-like rollers have small diameters relative to their lengths.

needle valve
(1) valve having a very small hole in the seat, fitted with a needle-shaped plunger. (2) valve in which the obturator is a stem ending in a conical point which mates with a corresponding valve seat.

negative air pressure
(1) in a building, pressure lower than pressure outdoors. Note: as the negative pressure increases, outdoor air is drawn in through any openings in the building envelope. (2) in building spaces, pressure lower than pressure in adjacent spaces or rooms.

negative-rated operating pressure
tested maximum negative pressure at which a duct is rated.

NEMA
See National Electrical Manufacturers Association.

NEMI
National Energy Management Institute

net capacity
(1) (equipment effective capacity), maximum load that a machine, apparatus, device, or system is capable of carrying under service conditions. (2) capacity (volume) of a room after deducting the loss of space due to coils, columns, air ducts, dunnage, and other dedicated space required to provide air circulation.

net cooler refrigerating capacity
rate of heat removal from a fluid flowing through a cooler (air, water, brine, etc.) at stated conditions; the difference in specific enthalpies of the cooling fluid entering and leaving the cooler. In case frosting occurs within the cooler, the latent heat of fusion and the subcooling heat of the ice (frost) must be added in determining the net cooler refrigerating capacity.

net effective filtering area
the total area in the device on which dust collects. For devices using fibrous media, it is the net upstream area of the media exposed to airflow measured in the plane or general surface of the media. Net effective area excludes the area blocked by sealants, flanges, or supports. In electronic air cleaners, it is the total exposed surface of those electrodes available for dust precipitation, including the ionizing section but excluding supports, holes, and insulators. Net effective filtering area is measured in m2 (ft2) to three significant figures.

net energy
the sum of the purchased energy minus sold or exported energy.

net exhaust flow rate
the exhaust flow rate for a hood minus any internal discharge makeup airflow rate.

net latent cooling effect
the total useful capacity of the air conditioner for removing water vapor from the space to be conditioned.

net occupiable area
the floor area of an occupiable space defined by the inside surfaces of its walls but excluding shafts, column enclosures, and other permanently enclosed, inaccessible, and unoccupiable areas. Obstructions in the space such as furnishings, display or storage racks, and other obstructions, whether temporary or permanent, are considered to be part of the net occupiable area.

net positive suction head (NPSH)
minimum head at the pump inlet to prevent the liquid being pumped from flashing into a vapor at that temperature and pressure and potentially causing the pump to cavitate. There are 2 types of NPSH values: net positive suction head available (NPSHA) and net positive suction head required (NPSHR). NPSHA is actual or available head at the pump impeller and should be greater than the vapor pressure of operating fluid at the operating temperature. NPSHR is the value stated by the pump manufacturer that is the minimum required head at the pump impeller. NPSHA should be greater than NPSHR. Values of NPSH are expressed as head in units of feet (kPa).

net refrigerating effect
(1) (brine cooler) product of the mass rate of water or brine flow and the difference in enthalpy of the entering and leaving water or brine, expressed in heat units per unit of time. It is expressed also by the total refrigeration effect less the heat leakage losses. (2) (condensing unit capacity) rate at which heat is removed from outer media by a refrigerant in the low-pressure side or by the difference in total enthalpy between refrigerant liquid leaving the unit and the total enthalpy of the refrigerant vapor entering it. (3) (packaged air conditioners) rate at which heat is removed from the airstream, as measured entering the cooling coil and leaving the unit. (4) rate at which heat is removed by the primary refrigerant from the cooling medium (secondary coolant) that is used to transmit the refrigerating effect.

net refrigeration capacity
that portion of the total refrigeration capacity of a liquid cooler that produces useful cooling. This is the product of the mass flow rate of liquid, specific heat of the liquid, and the difference between entering and leaving liquid temperatures expressed in energy units per unit of time. It is represented also by the total refrigeration capacity less the heat leakage rate

net sensible capacity
the gross sensible capacity less the default rate of fan heat assumed by the manufacturer; this rate of fan heat is not necessarily the same as for the actual installed fan.

net total capacity
the gross total capacity less the default rate of fan heat assumed by the manufacturer; this rate of fan heat is not necessarily the same as for the actual installed fan (see [[adjusted net total capacity]]). (Also see [[gross total capacity]].)

net total cooling capacity
total cooling capacity with fan power adjustment

net total cooling effect
the refrigeration capacity available for space and product cooling. It is equal to the gross total cooling effect less the heat equivalent of energy required to operate the cooler.

net usable volume
the volume of interior usable space intended for refrigerated storage or display, specifically consisting of the usable interior volume within the claimed load limit boundaries. Any of this volume occupied by evaporator coils, fan grilles, ducts (including any space intentionally made unusable by fences and grilles), or any other significant interior protrusions are excluded from the net usable volume. For cases normally equipped with shelves, the front edge of the shelf is assumed to be the front-load limit boundary. To be consistent, shelves and other display devices are not treated as significant interior protrusions. The volume occupied by shelves and other display devices is not subtracted from the net usable volume.

network
a process used to maintain order and provide access to the communication medium.

neural network
computer circuits patterned after the complex interconnections among nerve cells in the brain.

neutral pressure level
(also known as neutral zone) building height at which there is no difference between inside and outside building static air pressure.

new building
any building or portion thereof that is not an existing building.

Newton’s law of cooling
the rate of heat flow out of an object by both natural convection and radiation is proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its environment and to the surface area of the object.

Newton’s laws of motion
(1) change of motion is proportional to force applied and takes place in the direction of the line of action of the force. (2) every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, except insofar as it may be compelled to change that state by action of some outside force. (3) to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.

NFPA
National Fire Protection Association

NFRC
National Fenestration Rating Council

NFSA
National Fire Sprinkler Association

NIAOP
National Association of Industrial and Office Properties

NICE
National Institute of Ceramic Engineers

NICET
National Institute of Certified Engineering Technicians

nickel cadmium battery
A battery containing nickel and cadmium plates and an alkaline electrolyte.

night cover
removable cover placed over an open-top refrigerated display case during overnight periods in order to reduce energy transfer with the environment.

night setback thermostat
manual or automatic reset of temperature control point of a thermostat, usually coupled with a start-up time for restoration of desired daytime temperature level.

NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology

nitrogen capacity
the volumetric flow rate, L/s (cfm), equivalent to the mass flow rate of dry nitrogen that would be passed for a specified inlet pressure if discharge had been to standard atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) absolute.

nitrogen purge
procedure in which nitrogen gas is bled into piping as it is welded, brazed, or soldered to displace gases within the piping. The nitrogen displaces the air from inside the pipe, minimizing oxidation and resultant scale formation.

no-frost refrigerating system
(1) system in which all the refrigerated surfaces in the cabinet are defrosted by an automatic defrost system. (2) use of a secondary coolant sprayed on evaporator surfaces to prevent formation of frost; water absorbed in the coolant is removed by distillation.

nodal line
a line of zero response on the fan such that blades on opposite sides of the line vibrate in opposite phase.

noise
(1) ambient background sound when equipment is not in operation. (2) any disagreeable or undesired sound.

noise criteria curve (NC curve)
a series of curves of octave band sound spectra in a system for rating the noisiness of an occupied indoor space; an actual octave band spectrum is compared with this set of curves to determine the NC level of the space. See also [[room criterion curve (RC curve)]].

noise reduction (NR)
difference between the average sound pressure levels, or sound intensity levels, of two spaces. Usually those two spaces are two adjacent rooms called, respectively, the source room and the receiving room.

nominal capacity
(1) the capacity recorded and reported by a given test. (2) the capacity reported by the manufacturer for a specified device.

nominal formulation
the bulk manufactured composition of the refrigerant blend, which includes the gas and liquid phases.

nominal freezing
for a given product of specified dimensions and at an initial uniform temperature of 32°F (0°C), the time it takes for the thermal center to reach 14°F (–10°C).

nominal motor efficiency
the median efficiency occurring in a population of motors of the same manufacturer and rating.

nominal size of an air terminal
nominal value of dimensions of the prepared opening (duct) into which the air terminal device is to be fitted.

nominal size of duct and fitting
reference dimension used for designation, calculation, and application of duct and fitting.

nominal storage capacity
a theoretical capacity of the thermal storage device, which in many cases is greater than the usable storage capacity. This measure should not be used to compare usable capacities of alternative storage systems.

nominal time constant
the indoor air volume of a space or building divided by the rate of outdoor air supply; the nominal time constant also equals the average age of air exiting from the space or building. The reciprocal of the nominal time constant is called the nominal air change rate.

nominal voltage
A reference voltage used to describe batteries, modules, or systems (i.e., a 12-volt or 24-volt battery, module, or system).

non-self-renewable air cleaners
devices that are designed to operate through a specified performance range and then be manually cleaned or reconditioned by equipment not included in the air cleaner itself. An example is the washable expanded metal filter.

nonautomatic
see [[manual]].

nonazeotropic
a synonym for the preferred term zeotropic. See [[zeotropic]].

nonconcentrating collector
a solar collector in which the absorber heat flux is not greater than the solar irradiance across the aperture area.

noncondensable gas
gas that cannot be liquefied at normal operating pressures and temperatures.

noncondensable separation and storage tank
located in the absorber tube bundle or external to the absorber/evaporator vessel.

noncyclic ice maker
continuous ice maker with simultaneous water supply, freezing, and harvesting phases in the ice-making operation.

nondepletable energy
forms of energy (excluding minerals) derived from incoming solar radiation, including energy from photosynthetic processes; energy from resulting phenomena including wind, waves, and tides and lake or pond thermal differences; and energy from the internal heat of the earth and nocturnal thermal exchanges. See [[renewable energy]].

nondepletable energy sources
sources of energy (excluding minerals) derived from incoming solar radiation (including photosynthetic processes); from phenomena including wind, waves and tides, lake or pond thermal differences; and energy derived from the internal heat of the earth (including nocturnal thermal exchanges).

nondestructive test (NDT)
procedure that evaluates equipment fitness and integrity without permanently altering physical state or arrangement.

nonessential lighting
lighting that would not impair the safety nor materially interfere with the occupancy of an area if it were turned off. Examples include decorative, advertising (except simple identification of structures or addresses), and multiple lamp groupings resulting in illumination levels greater than accepted standards for the purpose (as for aisles, corridors, streets, and highways).

nonimaging survey
generation of a set of apparent temperature measurements of building surfaces (usually the interior) obtained with a nonimaging thermal sensing device.

nonisothermal jet
jet in which the primary air temperature differs from the mean space temperature.

nonlaminar flow workstation
one without uniform airflow patterns and velocities.

nonlinear impedance
(1) impedance that cannot be represented by a first order mathematical equation. (2) impedance that varies with applied voltage.

nonpositive displacement compressor
a compressor in which the increase in vapor pressure is attained without changing the internal volume of the compression chamber.

nonrenewable energy
energy derived from a fossil-fuel source.

nonreturn damper
device that allows air to flow only in a predetermined direction. See [[backdraft damper]].

nonreturn valve
check valve.

nonstandard part-load value (NPLV)
a single-number part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated and referenced to conditions other than IPLV conditions for units that are not designed to operate at ARI standard rating conditions.

nonuniform flow
fluid flow varying in velocity across the plane perpendicular to the flow.

nonvolatile refrigerant
one that remains a liquid during the process of absorbing heat within the air cooler. See [[secondary coolant (secondary fluid)]].

normal operating cell temperature (NOCT)
The estimated temperature of a photovoltaic module when operating under 800 w/m2 irradiance, 20°C ambient temperature and wind speed of 1 meter per second. NOCT is used to estimate the nominal operating temperature of a module in its working environment.

normal operating conditions
a point of operation representing normal usage of the equipment.

normalization
adjustment of the results of a model due to changes in baseline assumptions (nonindependent variables) during the test or post-retrofit period.

normalization parameter
a factor or parameter that allows for the normalization of energy use by the factor or parameter (e.g., Btu/student·yr or kWh/widget·yr) chosen to allow for expression of energy performance.

normalized leakage
dimensionless value calculated from the leakage area, building height, and floor area that describes the relative airtightness of the building envelope.

normally closed device
(1) controlled device that closes when the control signal is off. (2) device that returns to the closed position when power is off.

normally open device
device that returns to the open position when power is off.

normative appendix
integral parts of the mandatory requirements of the standard, which, for reasons of convenience, are placed after all other normative elements.

north oriented
facing within 45 degrees of true north (northern hemisphere).

nozzle
short tube with a taper or constriction used to speed up or direct a flow of fluid.

nozzle outlet
discharge opening suitably shaped to produce a jet of air or other fluid of regular form and given throw.

NPLV
[[nonstandard part-load value]]

NPSH
[[net positive suction head (NPSH)]]

NR
(1) no requirement. (2) [[noise reduction]].

NRC
National Research Council

NRCA
National Roofing Contractors' Association

NRCC
National Research Council of Canada

NSAE
National Society of Architectural Engineers

NSF
National Sanitation Foundation International

NSPE
National Society of Professional Engineers

nucleate boiling
boiling in which bubble formation is at the liquid/solid interface rather than from external or mechanical devices.

numerical control
see [[direct digital control (DDC)]].

NUSIG
National Uniform Seismic Installation Guidelines

Nusselt number
dimensionless number, used in calculation of forced convection, that gives a measure of the ratio of total heat transfer to conductive heat transfer, equal to the heat transfer coefficient times a characteristic length divided by the thermal conductivity.