How do building orientation and layout affect HVAC load calculations?

Building orientation and layout can significantly impact HVAC load calculations. For example, a building with a large south-facing façade will receive more solar radiation, increasing the cooling load, while a building with a north-facing façade will receive less solar radiation, reducing the cooling load. Additionally, the layout of the building, including the location of windows, doors, and internal partitions, can affect the distribution of heat gains and losses, further impacting the HVAC load calculation.