How does pipe roughness affect pressure drop?

Pipe roughness has a significant impact on pressure drop, as it increases the frictional resistance to fluid flow. Rough pipes can increase pressure drop by up to 50% compared to smooth pipes. The roughness of a pipe is typically characterized by the roughness height, which is a measure of the average height of the roughness elements on the pipe surface. The Colebrook-White equation takes into account pipe roughness when calculating pressure drop, making it a more accurate equation for real-world applications.