Some emerging technologies for air cleaning and disinfection include bipolar ionization, photocatalytic oxidation, and nanofiltration. These technologies are still being researched and developed, but show promise for improving air cleaning and disinfection effectiveness. For example, bipolar ionization has been shown to be effective against airborne viruses and bacteria, while photocatalytic oxidation has been shown to be effective against volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other airborne pollutants.