The primary advantage of thermal storage in HVAC systems is the reduction of operating costs. By producing and storing energy during off-peak hours (e.g., nighttime) when energy supply costs are low, and utilizing the stored energy during peak hours (e.g., daytime) when energy supply costs are high, thermal storage can help building owners and managers save on energy expenses. Additionally, thermal storage can also improve system efficiency, reduce peak demand, and provide backup power during outages.