Undercharging a refrigerant system can lead to inadequate cooling, increased energy consumption, and potential damage to the compressor due to increased wear and tear. As the system struggles to maintain the desired temperature, the compressor works harder, resulting in higher energy bills and reduced system lifespan. Furthermore, undercharging can cause the compressor to overheat, leading to premature failure. It is essential to identify and address undercharging issues promptly to prevent these consequences.