When water is heated, it expands. If this expansion occurs in a closed system, dangerous water pressures can be created. A domestic hot water system can be a closed system when the hot water fixtures are closed and the cold water supply piping has backflow preventers or any other device that can isolate the domestic hot water system from the rest of the domestic water supply.
These pressures can quickly rise to a point at which the relief valve on the water heater unseats, thus relieving the pressure, but at the same time compromising the integrity of the relief valve.
A relief valve installed on a water heater is not a control valve, but a safety valve. It is not designed or intended for continuous usage. Repeated excessive pressures can lead to equipment and pipe failure and personal injury.
When properly sized, an expansion tank connected to the closed system provides additional system volume for water expansion while ensuring a maximum desired pressure in a domestic hot water system. It does this by utilizing a pressurized cushion of air (figure below). The following discussion explains how to size an expansion tank for a domestic hot water system and the theory behind the design and calculations. It is based on the use of a diaphragm or bladder-type expansion tank, which is the type most commonly used in the plumbing industry. This type of expansion tank does not allow the water and air to be in contact with each other.
Expansion of Water
A pound of water at 140°F has a larger volume than the same pound of water at 40°F. To put it another way, the specific volume of water increases with an increase in temperature.
If the volume of water at a specific temperature condition is known, the expansion of water can be calculated as follows:
Where:
- Vew = Expansion of water, gallons
- Vs1 = System volume of water at temperature 1, gallons
- Vs2 = System volume of water at temperature 2, gallons
| Temp., ∘ F | Specific Volume, ft3/lb |
| 40 | 0.01602 |
| 50 | 0.01602 |
| 60 | 0.01604 |
| 70 | 0.01605 |
| 80 | 0.01607 |
| 90 | 0.01610 |
| 100 | 0.01613 |
| 110 | 0.01617 |
| 120 | 0.01620 |
| 130 | 0.01625 |
| 140 | 0.01629 |
| 150 | 0.01634 |
| 160 | 0.01639 |
Vs1 is the initial system volume and can be determined by calculating the volume of the domestic hot water system. This entails adding the volume of the water-heating equipment to the volume of the piping and any other part of the hot water system.
Vs2 is the expanded system volume of water at the design hot water temperature. Vs2 can be expressed in terms of Vs1. To do that, look at the weight of the water at both conditions.
The weight (W) of water at temperature 1 (T1) equals the weight of water at T2, or W1 = W2. At T1, W1 = Vs1/vsp1, and similarly at T2, W2 = Vs2/vsp2, where vsp equals the specific volume of water at the two temperature conditions. (See Table above for specific volume data.)
Since W1 = W2, then:
Solving for Vs2:
Example 1:
A domestic hot water system has 1,000 gallons of water. How much will the 1,000 gallons expand from a temperature of 40°F to a temperature of 140°F?
From Table above, vsp1 = 0.01602 (at 40°F) and vsp2 = 0.01629 (at 140°F). Utilizing Equation:
Note that this is the amount of water expansion and should not be confused with the size of the expansion tank needed.
Expansion of Material
Will the expansion tank receive all of the water expansion?
The answer is no, because not just the water is expanding. The piping and water-heating equipment expand with an increase in temperature as well. Any expansion of these materials results in less of the water expansion being received by the expansion tank. Another way of looking at it is as follows:
Venet = Vew – Vemat
- Venet = Net expansion of water received by the expansion tank, gallons
- Vew = Expansion of water, gallons
- Vemat = Expansion of material, gallons
To determine the amount of expansion each material experiences per a certain change in temperature, look at the coefficient of linear expansion for that material.
For copper, the coefficient of linear expansion is 9.5 × 10–6 inch/inch/°F, and for steel it is 6.5 × 10–6 inch/inch/°F.
From the coefficient of linear expansion, a material’s coefficient of volumetric expansion can be determined. The coefficient of volumetric expansion is three times the coefficient of linear expansion:
ß=3α
ß = Volumetric coefficient of expansion
α = Linear coefficient of expansion
Thus, the volumetric coefficient for copper is 28.5 × 10–6 gallon/gallon/°F, and for steel it is 19.5 × 10–6 gallon/gallon/°F. The material will expand proportionally with an increase in temperature.
Vemat = Vmat × ß (T2 – T1)
Venet = Vew – [Vmat1×ß1 (T2 – T1)+Vmat2×ß2 (T2 – T1)]
Nominal Volume of Piping
| Volume of Pipe, gal/linear ft of pipe | |
| Pipe Size, in. | 0.02 0.02 0.02 |
| 1 / 2 1 / 2 1//2 | 0.03 0.03 0.03 |
| 3 / 4 3 / 4 3//4 | 0.04 0.04 0.04 |
| 1 | 0.07 0.07 0.07 |
| 11 / 4 11 / 4 11//4 | 0.10 0.10 0.10 |
| 11 / 2 11 / 2 11//2 | 0.17 0.17 0.17 |
| 2 | 0.25 0.25 0.25 |
| 21 / 2 21 / 2 21//2 | 0.38 0.38 0.38 |
| 3 | 0.67 0.67 0.67 |
| 4 | 1.50 1.50 1.50 |
| 6 | 2.70 2.70 2.70 |
| 8 |
Example 2:
A domestic hot water system has a water heater made of steel with a volume of 900 gallons. It has 100 feet of 4-inch piping, 100 feet of 2-inch piping, 100 feet of 1½-inch piping, and 300 feet of ½-inch piping. All of the piping is copper. Assuming that the initial temperature of the water is 40°F and the final temperature of the water is 140°F, (1) how much will each material expand, and (2) what is the net expansion of water that an expansion tank will see?
Utilizing Equation Vemat for the steel (material no. 1), Vmat1 = 900 gallons and Vemat1 = 900 (19.5 × 10–6)(140 – 40) = 1.8 gallons. For the copper (material no. 2), first look at Table above to determine the volume of each size of pipe:
- 4 inches = 100 x 0.67 = 67 gallons
- 2 inches = 100 x 0.17 = 17 gallons
- 1½ inches = 100 x 0.10 = 10 gallons
- ½ inch = 300 x 0.02 = 6 gallons
Total volume of copper piping = 100 gallons Utilizing Equation Vemat for copper, Vmat2 = 100 gallons and Vemat2 = 100 (28.5 × 10–6)(140 – 40) = 0.3 gallon.
The initial system volume of water (Vs1) equals Vmat1 + Vmat2, or 900 gallons + 100 gallons. From Last example, 1,000 gallons of water going from 40°F to 140°F expands 16.9 gallons. Thus, utilizing Equation Venet, Venet = 16.9 – (1.8 + 0.03) = 15 gallons. This is the net amount of water expansion that the expansion tank will see. Once again, note that this is not the size of the expansion tank needed.
Boyle’s Law
After determining how much water expansion the expansion tank will see, it is time to look at how the cushion of air in an expansion tank allows the designer to limit the system pressure.
Boyle’s law states that at a constant temperature, the volume occupied by a given weight of perfect gas (including for practical purposes atmospheric air) varies inversely as the absolute pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure). It is expressed by the following:
P1V1 = P2V2
where
- P1 =Initial air pressure, pounds per square inch absolute (psia)
- V1 =Initial volume of air, gallons
- P2 =Final air pressure, psia
- V2 =Final volume of air, gallons
How does this law relate to sizing expansion tanks in domestic hot water systems?
The air cushion in the expansion tank provides a space into which the expanded water can go. The volume of air in the tank decreases as the water expands and enters the tank. As the air volume decreases, the air pressure increases.
Utilizing Boyle’s law, the initial volume of air (i.e., the size of the expansion tank) must be based on:
- Initial water pressure,
- Desired maximum water pressure, and
- Change in the initial volume of the air.
To utilize the above equation, realize that the pressure of the air equals the pressure of the water at each condition, and make the assumption that the temperature of the air remains constant at condition 1 and condition 2 in Figure above.
This assumption is reasonably accurate if the expansion tank is installed on the cold water side of the water heater. Remember, in sizing an expansion tank, the designer is sizing a tank of air, not a tank of water.
Referring to Figure above, at condition 1 the tank’s initial air pressure charge, P1, equals the incoming water pressure on the other side of the diaphragm. The initial volume of air in the tank, V1, is also the size of the expansion tank. The final volume of air in the tank, V2, also can be expressed as V1 less the net expansion of water (Venet).
The pressure of the air at condition 2, P2, is the same pressure as the maximum desired pressure of the domestic hot water system at the final temperature, T2. P2 should always be less than the relief valve setting on the water heater.
Utilizing Boyle’s law:
- V1 = Size of expansion tank required to maintain the desired system pressure, P2, gallons
- Venet= Net expansion of water, gallons P1 = Incoming water pressure, psia (Note: Absolute pressure is gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure, or 50 psig = 64.7 psia.)
- P2 = Maximum desired pressure of water, psia
Example 3:
Looking again at the domestic hot water system described in Example 2, if the cold water supply pressure is 50 psig and the maximum desired water pressure is 110 psig, what size expansion tank is required?
Example 2 determined that Venet equals 15 gallons. Converting the given pressures to absolute and utilizing Equations described above, the size of the expansion tank needed can be determined as:
Note: When selecting the expansion tank, make sure the tank’s diaphragm or bladder can accept 15 gallons of water (Venet).
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Undersizing an expansion tank can lead to inadequate pressure relief, resulting in excessive pressure buildup in the system. This can cause damage to the water heater, pipes, and fittings, and may even lead to catastrophic failures. Additionally, undersizing can lead to frequent relief valve operation, which can result in water waste and increased energy consumption. In extreme cases, undersizing can cause the system to become over-pressurized, leading to a rupture or explosion.
To determine the required size of an expansion tank, you need to calculate the total volume of expansion of the water in the system. This can be done using the formula: ΔV = V x (T2 – T1) / (T1 + 273), where ΔV is the volume of expansion, V is the initial volume of water, T1 is the initial temperature, and T2 is the final temperature. The expansion tank size should be selected based on the calculated volume of expansion, taking into account factors such as the system’s maximum operating pressure and temperature.
Open expansion tanks are vented to the atmosphere, allowing air to enter and exit the tank as the water level changes. Closed expansion tanks, on the other hand, are sealed systems that use a bladder or diaphragm to separate the water and air. For domestic hot water systems, closed expansion tanks are generally recommended, as they prevent air from entering the system and reduce the risk of corrosion and contamination. Closed tanks also provide a more accurate and reliable means of controlling system pressure.
A thermal expansion tank is designed to handle the thermal expansion of water in a closed system, whereas a standard expansion tank is designed to handle pressure fluctuations. In a domestic hot water system, a thermal expansion tank is recommended, as it is specifically designed to handle the thermal expansion of water as it is heated. A standard expansion tank may not be able to handle the rapid pressure changes associated with thermal expansion, leading to inadequate pressure relief and potential system damage.
Regular inspection and maintenance of the expansion tank are crucial to ensure safe and efficient operation of the domestic hot water system. It is recommended to inspect the tank every 6-12 months, checking for signs of corrosion, damage, or wear. The tank should also be drained and cleaned periodically to remove any sediment or debris that may have accumulated. Additionally, the tank’s pressure gauge and relief valve should be checked and calibrated regularly to ensure proper function.
Boyle’s law states that, at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. In a domestic hot water system, as water is heated, its volume increases, which can lead to increased pressure. To accommodate this expansion, an expansion tank is required to absorb the increased volume and prevent excessive pressure buildup. Proper sizing of the expansion tank is critical to ensure that it can handle the maximum expected pressure and volume increase, thereby preventing damage to the system and ensuring safe operation.
Boyle’s law states that, at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. In a domestic hot water system, as water is heated, its volume increases, which can lead to increased pressure. To accommodate this expansion, an expansion tank is required to absorb the increased volume and prevent excessive pressure buildup. Proper sizing of the expansion tank is critical to ensure that it can handle the maximum expected pressure and volume increase, thereby preventing damage to the system and ensuring safe operation.
