Glossary

equipment or materials to which a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization, acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, has been attached. This organization is concerned with product evaluation and maintains periodic inspection of the production of labeled equipment or materials. By labeling the equipment or materials, the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner.

facility acceptable to the local, national, or international recognized authority having jurisdiction and which provides uniform testing and examination procedures and standards for meeting design, manufacturing, and factory testing requirements.

box-like structure enclosing a source of potential air contamination, with one or more open or partially open sides into which air is moved for the purpose of containing and exhausting air contaminants. A laboratory hood is generally used for bench scale laboratory operations but does not necessarily involve the use of a bench or table.

device consisting of a series of grooves, fins, etc., machined into or fitted onto a shaft, piston, packing piece, etc. to prevent leakage of a fluid.

(1) delay attributable to the transport of material or the finite rate of propagation of a signal or condition. Note: also termed transport lag and transportation lag. (2) delay in action of the sensing element of a control device due to the time required for the sensing element to reach equilibrium with the variable being controlled (i.e., temperature lag, flow lag). (3) in thermal insulation, preformed, narrow blocks attached around large pipes or vessels by wires or bands. (4) retardation of an output with respect to the causal input.

(1) illumination of a surface by a light ray varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence between the normal to the surface and the incident ray. (2) luminous intensity in a given direction radiated or reflected by a perfectly diffusing plane surface varies as the cosine of the angle between that direction and the normal to the surface.

having airflow nominally in one direction.

Unit of solar irradiance. One gram calorie per square centimeter. 1 L = 85.93 kwh/m2.

weld formed by lapping two pieces of metal and then pressing or hammering; applied particularly to the longitudinal joint produced by a welding process for tubes or pipe, in which the edges of the skelp are beveled or scarfed so that when they are overlapped, they can be welded together.

the rate, expressed in Btu/h (W), at which the equipment removes latent heat (reduces the moisture content) of the air passing through it under specified conditions of operation.

that portion of the cooling effect that results in water vapor condensation in the air circulating through the equipment.

the change in enthalpy associated with a change in humidity ratio, caused by the addition or removal of moisture.

(also known as moisture tons or wet tons), cooling load required to remove latent heat.

quantity of heat released on change of unit mass of saturated vapor to saturated liquid with no change in temperature, measured in Btu/lbm (J/kg).

quantity of heat required to change a unit mass of ice to water at 32°F (0°C) temperature, measured in Btu/lbm (J/kg).

quantity of heat required to cause a change of state of a substance from a saturated liquid to a saturated vapor with no change in temperature, measured in Btu/lbm (J/kg).

use of a phase change of a medium for storing heating or cooling capacity. See also [[ice storage]].

The regular periodic arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystal of semiconductor material.

airflow within the fume hood is described as lazy when smoke remains on the work surface without smoothly flowing to the back baffle.

A general category that includes batteries with plates made of pure lead, lead-antimony, or lead-calcium immersed in an acid electrolyte.

(1) in gravity warm air heating, the duct running horizontally from the furnace to the riser or stack. (2) in plumbing, a water conductor from the roof to the storm drain.

any operation designed to reveal a leak in a system.

(1) volumetric flow rate required to maintain a constant static pressure in the test section. (2) the amount of air interchanged between the room side and outdoor side through a unit as a result of construction features, faulty sealing techniques, temperature differential, or height differential. See [[infiltration]].

divisions of airtightness based on normalized leakage.

estimate in statistics and econometrics. The method of estimation that involves the choice of an estimate such that the sum of the squares of the deviations of the data from the estimate is a minimum.

when an external force is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts so as to minimize the effect of the applied force.

an electromotive force (emf) induced in a conductor is always in such a direction that the current it would produce would oppose the change that causes the induced emf.

The cost of energy of a solar system that is based on the system's installed price, its total lifetime cost, and its lifetime electricity production.

dimensionless number equal to thermal diffusivity divided by mass diffusivity. Symbol Le, Le, or NLe.

person or entity certified by governmental authority (where required by law) to engage in construction contracting.

The period during which a system is capable of operating above a specified performance level.

the process of evaluating a component, product, assembly, building, etc. and its development from the moment of extraction of raw materials, transportation, processing, manufacturing, use, recyclability, and disposal and assigning a value or assessment of its cumulative and ultimate social, environmental and economic costs, benefits, and impacts. This is often referred to as a cradle-to-grave or cradle-to-cradle assessment.

cost of equipment over its entire life including operating, maintenance, and repair/replacement cost. May also include decommissioning cost.

vertical distance that fluid must be pumped to reach a specified height.

valve with the mechanism lifting vertically from its seat. Lift-check valves are primarily used in vertical piping. See [[check valve]].

(1) the amount of incident light passed through a glazing system. (2) the percentage of incident light passed by the translucent sampling filters (targets) used in the dust spot test.

The trapping of light inside a semiconductor material by refracting and reflecting the light at critical angles; trapped light will travel further in the material, greatly increasing the probability of absorption and hence of producing charge carriers.

Defects, such as dangling bonds, induced in an amorphous silicon semiconductor upon initial exposure to light.

the component of a luminaire that houses the lamp or lamps, positions the lamp, shields it from view, and distributes the light. The fixture also provides for connection to the power supply, which may require the use of a ballast.

the maximum lighting power per unit area based on space function.

a group of luminaires circuited or controlled to perform a specific function.

control device used to limit the desired maximum or minimum state of the controlled variable or to provide an alarm if those limits are exceeded.

controller designed to provide limit control.

physical stop or device that prevents an operator from adjusting the setpoint of a controller beyond a maximum or minimum setting, often for safety.

control to limit some function. Once tripped, can be automatically reset or can require manual reset.

device that acts to automatically control the temperature of a room or space in which it is installed by switching directly to the control device.

(1) control device that automatically opens the line connections to a motor when a predetermined unsafe temperature exists in the windings of the motor. (2) electrical motor protective action that causes the power line to the motor to be interrupted on protective requirement.

An inverter that is tied to a power grid or line. The commutation of power (conversion from direct current to alternating current) is controlled by the power line, so that, if there is a failure in the power grid, the photovoltaic system cannot feed power into the line.

finding a straight line that best fits the data points, commonly by use of the least squares technique.

percentage increase in the length of a test specimen, usually an elastomer, as a result of exposure to refrigerants or oils.

a continuous vapor barrier liner installed below the purlins and uninterrupted by framing members.

change of state to liquid; generally used instead of the term condensation in cases of substances that are ordinarily gaseous.

mixed hydrocarbon gases stored under pressure in liquid form.

state of matter intermediate between crystalline substances and gases in which the volume of a substance, but not the shape, remains relatively constant.

the concentration (mass percent) of components present in the liquid phase of a refrigerant blend that is in equilibrium with its vapor phase.

(1) a factory-made assembly of elements in which the heat is transferred from the liquid to the refrigerant, causing the refrigerant to evaporate and the liquid to be cooled. (2) heat exchanger designed to cool liquids.

A battery containing a liquid solution of acid and water. Distilled water may be added to these batteries to replenish the electrolyte as necessary. Also called a flooded battery because the plates are covered with the electrolyte.

connection between the pumping unit outlet and the evaporator inlet.

tube or pipe carrying the refrigerant liquid from the condenser or receiver of a refrigerating system to a pressure-reducing device.

system feeding an evaporator with refrigerant at a rate to make the exit vapor quality less than one.

(also known as liquid circulation), evaporator feed system whereby refrigerant liquid is flashed to saturated suction pressure and temperature in an accumulator and is then fed by a mechanical pump or by refrigerant vapor pressure to the evaporators. This liquid is normally fed at a rate greater than the evaporation rate for the refrigerant to ensure wetting of the entire evaporator surface for better heat transfer.

(also known as liquid slug), accidental trapping of liquid refrigerant at any point in the system.

a vessel, permanently connected to a refrigerating system by inlet and outlet pipes, for storage of liquid refrigerant.

a sample taken from the liquid phase of a refrigerant blend.

one of the three states of matter characterized by limited freedom of molecules and by substantial incompressibility. See also [[liquid]].

in applications where the sensing point is always at a higher temperature than the rest of the system, vapor pressure is transmitted by a column of liquid.

device for collecting liquid refrigerant at a given point in a refrigerating circuit.

superheater or desuperheater.

vapor thermostat charged with such an amount of liquid that a certain quantity of liquid remains in the bulb whatever the operating conditions may be.

a condensing unit in which the condensing media is a liquid (for example, water).

trap with an adjustable bellows and steel valve head located downstream of the steam system. It operates on temperature rise, with the setpoint adjustable from the outside. It discharges at a fixed temperature for protection from freezing and for high-capacity venting requirements.

a transformer in which the core and coils are immersed in an insulating liquid.

valve which controls the introduction of liquid refrigerant (e.g., into the intercooler in a multistage compression system).

a device for removing and retaining solid contaminants from the liquid line of a refrigeration system.

a filter containing a desiccant capable of removing moisture and other dissolved contaminants in the refrigerant stream.

a method of internally cooling the compressor mechanism or lubricant or the reduction of discharge temperature by introducing saturated or subcooled discharge-side liquid refrigerant into the compressor or condensing unit. Liquid-refrigerant injection mass flow rate is not taken into account when calculating compressor or condensing unit efficiency, capacity, or volumetric efficiency.

vacuum pump in which the flow of the gas is induced by a vaned rotor and a mass of liquid projected by centrifugal force against the stator.

liquid and gaseous phases of a single substance or azeotrope, usually at saturation.

solution used in absorption refrigeration.

equipment or materials included in a list published by an approved, nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation which maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets nationally recognized standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner.

an absorption system where water (R-718) is the refrigerant and lithium bromide (LiBr) is the absorbent.

(1) amount of heat per unit time imposed on a system by the required rate of heat addition or removal. (2) energy absorbing device. (3) material, force, torque, energy, or power applied to or removed from a system or element. See also [[capacity]].

The wire, switches, fuses, etc. that connect the load to the power source.

The current required by the electrical device.

in a thermal storage system, the ratio of average daily load to maximum capacity. A 100 kW chiller meeting an average load of 75 kW would have a diversity of 0.75.

ratio of actual mean load to a maximum load or maximum production capacity in a given period. See [[electric power load factor]]; [[cooling load factor]]; [[heating load factor]].

Predictions of future demand. For normal operations, daily and weekly forecasts of the hour-by-hour demand are used to help develop generation schedules to ensure that sufficient quantities and types of generation are available when needed.

charging a thermal storage system at a constant rate during a complete cycle.

deliberate local control or influencing of user loads to affect the time of use of power or energy such as gas, steam, or electric. Compare with [[direct-load management]].

summary of thermal or other energy loads in a system over a period of time. Note: for example, a common load profile on a peak design day for thermal storage designs would show hourly system load requirements for 24 hours.

The resistance presented by the load. See also resistance.

a compounded, synthetic dust used for air cleaner capacity and efficiency testing.

magnitude of the time-averaged vector of velocity at a point of an airstream.

The price of a unit of energy at a particular electrical location at a given time. LMPs are influenced by the nearby generation, load level, and transmission constraints and losses.

(also known as locked rotor amperage [LRA]), steady-state current taken from the line with the rotor locked and with rated voltage (and rated frequency in the case of alternating current motors) applied to the motor.

see [[control logic]].

choice or ability to choose between alternatives. This amounts to a yes or no answer to a question of equality or relative magnitude.

detailed statement of the work order in terms of logic or built-in operations and characteristics of a specified machine. Concise symbolic notation is used to represent the information and describe the input, output, arithmetic, and logical operations by use of a standard set of block symbols. A coding process normally follows a logical flowchart.

instruction that carries out a logical operation, such as AND, OR, NOR.

(1) electric circuit containing a complete, continuous path, as in a feedback loop. (2) sequence of instructions that is repeated until an exit condition prevails.

a dimensionless fluid resistance coefficient having the same value in dynamically similar streams (i.e., streams with geometrically similar stretches, equal Reynolds numbers, and equal values of other criteria necessary for dynamic similarity). The loss coefficient represents the ratio of total pressure loss to velocity pressure at the referenced cross section - C = ΔPt / pvt where C = total pressure loss coefficient, dimensionless, Δpt = total pressure loss, in. of water (Pa), pvi = velocity pressure at referenced cross section i, in. of water (Pa).

(1) device that is capable of discerning the loss of refrigerant charge in a refrigerating machine and of reacting to protect the apparatus from motor burnout. (2) splitting of a condensate line to permit vapors to pass above and condensate to pass below an obstruction.

device consisting of an assembly of parallel sloping vanes, intended to permit the passage of air while providing a measure of protection against environmental influences. Also spelled louvre.

the temperature range for maintaining product in a frozen state in refrigeration applications.

The voltage level at which a charge controller will disconnect the load from the battery.

The voltage at which a charge controller will disconnect the load from the batteries to prevent over-discharging.

The voltage difference between the low voltage disconnect set point and the voltage at which the load will be reconnected.

A warning buzzer or light that indicates the low battery voltage set point has been reached.

limited fill thermal element, located in the mixed air portion of an HVAC unit, which opens an electrical circuit if any one foot portion of the element reaches its setpoint (usually 35°F [2°C]). It usually shuts down the HVAC unit and/or initiates an alarm. Formerly referred to as freeze stat.

electric, gas, or oil-burning appliance designed to supply low-pressure steam or hot water for space-heating application. A low-pressure steam boiler operates at or below 15 psig [103 kPa (gage)] steam pressure; a hot-water boiler operates at or below 160 psig [1100 kPa (gage)] water pressure and 250°F (120°C) water temperature.

(1) electric switch and pressure-responsive element connected into the suction side of a refrigerating system to control the operation of the system. (2) pressure-responsive device actuated directly by refrigerant vapor pressure in the low side.

float-type expansion valve operated by changes in liquid level on the low-pressure side.

(1) sometimes referred to as an accumulator or surge drum, this vessel acts as the separator for the mixture of vapor and liquid returning from the evaporators; the constant refrigerant level is usually maintained by control devices. (2) vessel on the low side of a refrigerating system into which liquid refrigerant can be collected and used to supply evaporators.

system whose gage pressure at room temperature (74°F [23.3°C]) is near or less than atmospheric pressure. Common low-pressure refrigerants include R-11 and R-123.

(also known as suction pressure safety cut-out), switch designed to stop the compressor motor when the suction pressure reaches a predetermined low value.

(1) low side or suction side. (2) portion of a refrigerating system operating at approximately the evaporator pressure.

compression stage from a low to an intermediate pressure level.

gastight joint obtained by the joining of metal parts with metallic mixtures or alloys that melt at temperatures below 1500°F (800°C) but above 800°F (427°C). Compare to [[soldered joint]].

use of fluids less than 200°F (50°C) (in round numbers) for district-heating supply; permitting use of energy sources formerly discarded.

hydronic system intended for operation at temperatures below 200°F (93°C). Compare to [[high-temperature hot-water system]].

air terminal device that is designed for thermally controlled ventilation (e.g., displacement flow applications). Also see [[air terminal device]].

the minimum concentration of a substance that is capable of propagating a flame through a homogeneous mixture of the substance and air under specified test conditions.

[[liquefied petroleum gas]]

the ratio of the mass of lubricant circulating through a refrigerant system to the total mass of refrigerant and lubricant flowing through the system at a specified set of operating conditions.

see [[plug valve]].

(also known as photometric), referring to a radiometric quantity, luminous indicates the weighted average of the spectral radiometric quantity, with the product of the photopic spectral luminous efficiency functions and the standard solar spectral irradiance distribution being the weighting function.