Engineering & Knowledge

Hvac Air Volume Calculation

Learn the essential steps and formulas required to accurately calculate HVAC air volume for efficient system design and performance.

Thermal Storage (HVAC)

Explore efficient thermal storage systems and fundamental engineering principles to optimize HVAC performance and energy management.

Hydropneumatic Tank Sizing

Learn the essential steps and calculations required to accurately size a hydropneumatic tank for efficient water distribution system performance.

Pump Sizing Core Concepts

Master the foundational principles of fluid mechanics and system requirements necessary to accurately calculate and select the right pump size for any engineering application.

Hvac Equations (U.S./Metric)

Master the essential HVAC equations in both U.S. and metric units to streamline your engineering calculations and design more efficient systems.

Expansion Tanks

Learn how properly sized and maintained expansion tanks ensure system safety and efficiency by absorbing pressure changes in hydronic heating and cooling systems.

Expansion Tank Sizing Formulas

Learn the essential formulas and step-by-step methods required to accurately size an expansion tank for hydronic heating and cooling systems.

Primary Secondary Pumping

Master the principles of primary-secondary pumping systems to enhance HVAC efficiency and optimize fluid flow dynamics in complex building designs.

4-Pipe And 2-Pipe Heating And Cooling Plants

Learn the core differences between 4-pipe and 2-pipe heating and cooling plants to determine the most efficient system design for your building’s HVAC needs.

Constant Air Volume (CAV) Systems

Learn how Constant Air Volume (CAV) systems maintain a consistent airflow to regulate temperature and improve HVAC efficiency in various building applications.

HVAC Duct Design: Duct Fittings Friction Loss

Duct fittings friction loss represents critical HVAC design calculations that determine pressure drops through elbows, tees, transitions, and other directional changes within ductwork systems. Professional engineers utilize

HVAC Duct Design: Dampers, Attenuators, and Coils Friction Loss

Dampers, attenuators, and coils friction loss represents specialized HVAC design calculations that determine pressure drops through control devices, sound attenuation equipment, and heat transfer coils within ductwork

HVAC Duct Design: Duct Round to Rectangular Equivalent

Round to rectangular duct equivalency represents a fundamental HVAC design calculation that enables engineers to convert between circular and rectangular ductwork while maintaining equivalent airflow characteristics and

HVAC Duct Design: Duct Friction Loss

Duct friction loss represents a fundamental HVAC design calculation that determines pressure drop through straight ductwork sections due to air friction against duct surfaces. Professional engineers utilize

HVAC Duct Design: Duct Pressure Classification

Duct pressure classification represents a fundamental HVAC design principle that establishes construction standards based on the operating static pressure within ductwork systems. Professional engineers utilize SMACNA pressure

HVAC Duct Design – Sizing Contaminant-Extraction Ducts (Smoke | Grease | Gases | Dry & Moist Dust)

ASHRAE’s Pocket Guide lists minimum conveying velocities that keep contaminants airborne while they travel through exhaust ductwork. Table 2.9 (2013 edition, Ch. 02, pp. 60

HVAC Duct Design: Commercial Kitchen Duct Sizing

Commercial kitchen duct sizing represents a specialized HVAC design discipline that addresses the unique requirements of grease-laden vapor removal, high-temperature exhaust, fire safety, and code compliance in

HVAC Duct Design: Duct Sizing by Velocity & Noise Criteria (NC)

Duct sizing by velocity and noise criteria (NC) represents a fundamental HVAC design methodology that determines appropriate duct dimensions based on maximum acceptable air velocities and noise

HVAC Duct Design: Duct Sizing by Equal Friction Method

The Equal Friction Method represents a fundamental HVAC duct sizing approach that maintains constant pressure loss per unit length throughout the main duct runs, providing a systematic

HVAC Duct Design: Duct Sizing SMACNA Recommendations

SMACNA (Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association) duct sizing recommendations represent fundamental HVAC design methodologies for calculating appropriate duct dimensions to deliver required airflow while

Digital Tools & Resources

Belimo SelectPro – Free Download

SelectPro is a quick and simple tool for accurately sizing and selecting valves, actuators, sensors and replacement solutions for HVAC systems. Table of Contents Key

Rates Of Thermal Expansion For Common Pipe Materials

In modern HVAC, energy, and process industries, pipe material selection is not just about cost or standard practices—it’s about anticipating expansion and contraction risks driven by a dynamic climate and extreme operational temperatures. Understanding the rates of thermal expansion for common pipe

Fundamentals & Engineering