Psychrometric Programming Functions

Library of psychrometric functions to calculate thermodynamic properties of air for Python, C, C#, Fortran, JavaScript and VBA/Excel

Table of Contents

Overview

Psychrometrics are the study of physical and thermodynamic properties of moist air. These properties include, for example, the air’s dew point temperature, its wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, humidity ratio, enthalpy.

The estimation of these properties is critical in several engineering and scientific applications such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and meteorology. Although formulae to calculate the psychrometric properties of air are widely available in the literature (@Stull2011; @Wexler1983; @Stoecker1982; @Dilley1968; @Humphreys1920), their implementation in computer programs or spreadsheets can be challenging and time consuming.

PsychroLib is a library of functions to enable calculating psychrometric properties of moist and dry air. The library is available for Python, C, C#, Fortran, JavaScript, Microsoft Excel Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). It works in both metric (SI) and imperial (IP) systems of units. The functions are based of formulae from the 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, Chapter 1, SI and IP editions. Functions can be grouped into two categories:

Functions for the calculation of dew point temperature, wet-bulb temperature, partial vapour pressure of water, humidity ratio or relative humidity, knowing any other of these and dry bulb temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Functions for the calculation of other moist air properties. All these use the humidity ratio as input.

Python

# PsychroLib (version 2.3.0) (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib)
# Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer for the current library implementation
# Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals for ASHRAE equations and coefficients
# Licensed under the MIT License.

""" psychrolib.py
Contains functions for calculating thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures
and standard atmosphere suitable for most engineering, physical and meteorological
applications.
Most of the functions are an implementation of the formulae found in the
2017 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, in both International System (SI),
and Imperial (IP) units. Please refer to the information included in
each function for their respective reference.
Example
    >>> import psychrolib
    >>> # Set the unit system, for example to SI (can be either psychrolib.SI or psychrolib.IP)
    >>> psychrolib.SetUnitSystem(psychrolib.SI)
    >>> # Calculate the dew point temperature for a dry bulb temperature of 25 C and a relative humidity of 80%
    >>> TDewPoint = psychrolib.GetTDewPointFromRelHum(25.0, 0.80)
    >>> print(TDewPoint)
    21.309397163661785
Copyright
    - For the current library implementation
        Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer.
    - For equations and coefficients published ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, Chapter 1
        Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals (https://www.ashrae.org)
License
    MIT (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/LICENSE.txt)
Note from the Authors
    We have made every effort to ensure that the code is adequate, however, we make no
    representation with respect to its accuracy. Use at your own risk. Should you notice
    an error, or if you have a suggestion, please notify us through GitHub at
    https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/issues.
"""


import math
from enum import Enum, auto
from typing import Optional


#######################################################################################################
# Global constants
#######################################################################################################

ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE = 459.67
"""float: Zero degree Fahrenheit (°F) expressed as degree Rankine (°R)
    Units:
        °R
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39
"""

ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN = 273.15
"""float: Zero degree Celsius (°C) expressed as Kelvin (K)
    Units:
        K
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39
"""

R_DA_IP = 53.350
"""float: Universal gas constant for dry air (IP version)
    Units:
        ft lb_Force lb_DryAir⁻¹ R⁻¹
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
"""

R_DA_SI = 287.042
"""float: Universal gas constant for dry air (SI version)
    Units:
        J kg_DryAir⁻¹ K⁻¹
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
"""

MAX_ITER_COUNT = 100
"""int: Maximum number of iterations before exiting while loops.
"""

MIN_HUM_RATIO = 1e-7
"""float: Minimum acceptable humidity ratio used/returned by any functions.
          Any value above 0 or below the MIN_HUM_RATIO will be reset to this value.
"""

FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.0
"""float: Freezing point of water in Fahrenheit.
"""

FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.0
"""float: Freezing point of water in Celsius.
"""

TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.018
"""float: Triple point of water in Fahrenheit.
"""

TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.01
"""float: Triple point of water in Celsius.
"""

#######################################################################################################
# Helper functions
#######################################################################################################

# Unit system to use.
class UnitSystem(Enum):
    """
    Private class not exposed used to set automatic enumeration values.
    """
    IP = auto()
    SI = auto()

IP = UnitSystem.IP
SI = UnitSystem.SI

PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = None

PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 1.0
# Tolerance of temperature calculations

def SetUnitSystem(Units: UnitSystem) -> None:
    """
    Set the system of units to use (SI or IP).
    Args:
        Units: string indicating the system of units chosen (SI or IP)
    Notes:
        This function *HAS TO BE CALLED* before the library can be used
    """
    global PSYCHROLIB_UNITS
    global PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE

    if not isinstance(Units, UnitSystem):
        raise ValueError("The system of units has to be either SI or IP.")

    PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = Units

    # Define tolerance on temperature calculations
    # The tolerance is the same in IP and SI
    if Units == IP:
        PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001 * 9. / 5.
    else:
        PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001

def GetUnitSystem() -> Optional[UnitSystem]:
    """
    Return system of units in use.
    """
    return PSYCHROLIB_UNITS

def isIP() -> bool:
    """
    Check whether the system in use is IP or SI.
    """
    if PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == IP:
        return True
    elif PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == SI:
        return False
    else:
        raise ValueError('The system of units has not been defined.')


#######################################################################################################
# Conversion between temperature units
#######################################################################################################

def GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TFahrenheit: float) -> float:
    """
    Utility function to convert temperature to degree Rankine (°R)
    given temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F).
    Args:
        TRankine: Temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F)
    Returns:
        Temperature in degree Rankine (°R)
    Reference:
        Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
    Notes:
        Exact conversion.
    """
    TRankine = TFahrenheit + ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE
    return TRankine

def GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(TRankine: float) -> float:
    """
    Utility function to convert temperature to degree Fahrenheit (°F)
    given temperature in degree Rankine (°R).
    Args:
        TRankine: Temperature in degree Rankine (°R)
    Returns:
        Temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F)
    Reference:
        Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
    Notes:
        Exact conversion.
    """
    return TRankine - ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE

def GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TCelsius: float) -> float:
    """
    Utility function to convert temperature to Kelvin (K)
    given temperature in degree Celsius (°C).
    Args:
        TCelsius: Temperature in degree Celsius (°C)
    Returns:
        Temperature in Kelvin (K)
    Reference:
        Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
    Notes:
        Exact conversion.
    """
    TKelvin = TCelsius + ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN
    return TKelvin

def GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(TKelvin: float) -> float:
    """
    Utility function to convert temperature to degree Celsius (°C)
    given temperature in Kelvin (K).
    Args:
        TKelvin: Temperature in Kelvin (K)
    Returns:
        Temperature in degree Celsius (°C)
    Reference:
        Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
    Notes:
        Exact conversion.
    """
    return TKelvin - ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN


#######################################################################################################
# Conversions between dew point, wet bulb, and relative humidity
#######################################################################################################

def GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint(TDryBulb: float, TDewPoint: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    if TDewPoint > TDryBulb:
        raise ValueError("Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure)
    TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    return TWetBulb

def GetTWetBulbFromRelHum(TDryBulb: float, RelHum: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        RelHum : Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    if RelHum < 0 or RelHum > 1:
        raise ValueError("Relative humidity is outside range [0, 1]")

    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure)
    TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    return TWetBulb

def GetRelHumFromTDewPoint(TDryBulb: float, TDewPoint: float) -> float:
    """
    Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and dew-point temperature.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Returns:
        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 22
    """
    if TDewPoint > TDryBulb:
        raise ValueError("Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

    VapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
    SatVapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
    RelHum = VapPres / SatVapPres
    return RelHum

def GetRelHumFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb: float, TWetBulb: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        TWetBulb : Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    if TWetBulb > TDryBulb:
        raise ValueError("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
    RelHum =  GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    return RelHum

def GetTDewPointFromRelHum(TDryBulb: float, RelHum: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        RelHum: Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    Returns:
        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    if RelHum < 0 or RelHum > 1:
        raise ValueError("Relative humidity is outside range [0, 1]")

    VapPres = GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum)
    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
    return TDewPoint

def GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb: float, TWetBulb: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        TWetBulb : Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    if TWetBulb > TDryBulb:
        raise ValueError("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    return TDewPoint


#######################################################################################################
# Conversions between dew point, or relative humidity and vapor pressure
#######################################################################################################

def GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb: float, RelHum: float) -> float:
    """
    Return partial pressure of water vapor as a function of relative humidity and temperature.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        RelHum : Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    Returns:
        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
    """
    if RelHum < 0 or RelHum > 1:
        raise ValueError("Relative humidity is outside range [0, 1]")

    VapPres = RelHum * GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
    return VapPres

def GetRelHumFromVapPres(TDryBulb: float, VapPres: float) -> float:
    """
    Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        VapPres: Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
    """
    if VapPres < 0:
        raise ValueError("Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air cannot be negative")

    RelHum = VapPres / GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
    return RelHum

def dLnPws_(TDryBulb: float) -> float:
    """
    Helper function returning the derivative of the natural log of the saturation vapor pressure 
    as a function of dry-bulb temperature.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Returns:
        Derivative of natural log of vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1  eqn 5 & 6
    """
    if isIP():
        T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)
        if TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP:
            dLnPws = 1.0214165E+04 / math.pow(T, 2) - 5.3765794E-03 + 2 * 1.9202377E-07 * T \
                  + 3 * 3.5575832E-10 * math.pow(T, 2) - 4 * 9.0344688E-14 * math.pow(T, 3) + 4.1635019 / T
        else:
            dLnPws = 1.0440397E+04 / math.pow(T, 2) - 2.7022355E-02 + 2 * 1.2890360E-05 * T \
                  - 3 * 2.4780681E-09 * math.pow(T, 2) + 6.5459673 / T
    else:
        T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)
        if TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI:
            dLnPws = 5.6745359E+03 / math.pow(T, 2) - 9.677843E-03 + 2 * 6.2215701E-07 * T \
                  + 3 * 2.0747825E-09 * math.pow(T, 2) - 4 * 9.484024E-13 * math.pow(T, 3) + 4.1635019 / T
        else:
            dLnPws = 5.8002206E+03 / math.pow(T, 2) - 4.8640239E-02 + 2 * 4.1764768E-05 * T \
                  - 3 * 1.4452093E-08 * math.pow(T, 2) + 6.5459673 / T

    return dLnPws

def GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb: float, VapPres: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        VapPres: Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 and 6
    Notes:
        The dew point temperature is solved by inverting the equation giving water vapor pressure
        at saturation from temperature rather than using the regressions provided
        by ASHRAE (eqn. 37 and 38) which are much less accurate and have a
        narrower range of validity.
        The Newton-Raphson (NR) method is used on the logarithm of water vapour
        pressure as a function of temperature, which is a very smooth function
        Convergence is usually achieved in 3 to 5 iterations. 
        TDryBulb is not really needed here, just used for convenience.
    """
    if isIP():
        BOUNDS = [-148, 392]
    else:
        BOUNDS = [-100, 200]

    # Validity check -- bounds outside which a solution cannot be found
    if VapPres < GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS[0]) or VapPres > GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS[1]):
        raise ValueError("Partial pressure of water vapor is outside range of validity of equations")

    # We use NR to approximate the solution.
    # First guess
    TDewPoint = TDryBulb        # Calculated value of dew point temperatures, solved for iteratively
    lnVP = math.log(VapPres)    # Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air

    index = 1

    while True:
        TDewPoint_iter = TDewPoint   # TDewPoint used in NR calculation
        lnVP_iter = math.log(GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint_iter))

        # Derivative of function, calculated analytically
        d_lnVP = dLnPws_(TDewPoint_iter)

        # New estimate, bounded by the search domain defined above
        TDewPoint = TDewPoint_iter - (lnVP_iter - lnVP) / d_lnVP
        TDewPoint = max(TDewPoint, BOUNDS[0])
        TDewPoint = min(TDewPoint, BOUNDS[1])

        if ((math.fabs(TDewPoint - TDewPoint_iter) <= PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE)):
            break

        if (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT):
            raise ValueError("Convergence not reached in GetTDewPointFromVapPres. Stopping.")

        index = index + 1

    TDewPoint = min(TDewPoint, TDryBulb)
    return TDewPoint

def GetVapPresFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint: float) -> float:
    """
    Return vapor pressure given dew point temperature.
    Args:
        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Returns:
        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36
    """
    VapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
    return VapPres


#######################################################################################################
# Conversions from wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, or relative humidity to humidity ratio
#######################################################################################################

def GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb: float, HumRatio: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35 solved for Tstar
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio cannot be negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure)

    # Initial guesses
    TWetBulbSup = TDryBulb
    TWetBulbInf = TDewPoint
    TWetBulb = (TWetBulbInf + TWetBulbSup) / 2

    index = 1
    # Bisection loop
    while ((TWetBulbSup - TWetBulbInf) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE):

        # Compute humidity ratio at temperature Tstar
        Wstar = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)

        # Get new bounds
        if Wstar > BoundedHumRatio:
            TWetBulbSup = TWetBulb
        else:
            TWetBulbInf = TWetBulb

        # New guess of wet bulb temperature
        TWetBulb = (TWetBulbSup + TWetBulbInf) / 2

        if (index >= MAX_ITER_COUNT):
            raise ValueError("Convergence not reached in GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio. Stopping.")

        index = index + 1
    return TWetBulb

def GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb: float, TWetBulb: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        TWetBulb : Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35
    """
    if TWetBulb > TDryBulb:
        raise ValueError("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

    Wsstar = GetSatHumRatio(TWetBulb, Pressure)

    if isIP():
       if TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP:
           HumRatio = ((1093 - 0.556 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.240 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) \
                    / (1093 + 0.444 * TDryBulb - TWetBulb)
       else:
           HumRatio = ((1220 - 0.04 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.240 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) \
                    / (1220 + 0.444 * TDryBulb - 0.48*TWetBulb)
    else:
       if TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI:
           HumRatio = ((2501. - 2.326 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) \
                    / (2501. + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 4.186 * TWetBulb)
       else:
           HumRatio = ((2830. - 0.24 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) \
                    / (2830. + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 2.1 * TWetBulb)
    # Validity check.
    return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

def GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb: float, RelHum: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        RelHum : Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    if RelHum < 0 or RelHum > 1:
        raise ValueError("Relative humidity is outside range [0, 1]")

    VapPres = GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum)
    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure)
    return HumRatio

def GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb: float, HumRatio: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio cannot be negative")

    VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    RelHum = GetRelHumFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
    return RelHum

def GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return humidity ratio given dew-point temperature and pressure.
    Args:
        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 13
    """
    VapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure)
    return HumRatio

def GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb: float, HumRatio: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio cannot be negative")

    VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
    return TDewPoint


#######################################################################################################
# Conversions between humidity ratio and vapor pressure
#######################################################################################################

def GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return humidity ratio given water vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure.
    Args:
        VapPres : Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20
    """
    if VapPres < 0:
        raise ValueError("Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air cannot be negative")

    HumRatio = 0.621945 * VapPres / (Pressure - VapPres)

    # Validity check.
    return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

def GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return vapor pressure given humidity ratio and pressure.
    Args:
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20 solved for pw
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio is negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    VapPres = Pressure * BoundedHumRatio / (0.621945 + BoundedHumRatio)
    return VapPres


#######################################################################################################
# Conversions between humidity ratio and specific humidity
#######################################################################################################

def GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio(HumRatio: float) -> float:
    """
    Return the specific humidity from humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio).
    Args:
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Returns:
        Specific humidity in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio cannot be negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    SpecificHum = BoundedHumRatio / (1.0 + BoundedHumRatio)
    return SpecificHum

def GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum(SpecificHum: float) -> float:
    """
    Return the humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio) from specific humidity.
    Args:
        SpecificHum : Specific humidity in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b (solved for humidity ratio)
    """
    if SpecificHum < 0.0 or SpecificHum >= 1.0:
        raise ValueError("Specific humidity is outside range [0, 1[")

    HumRatio = SpecificHum / (1.0 - SpecificHum)

    # Validity check.
    return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)


#######################################################################################################
# Dry Air Calculations
#######################################################################################################

def GetDryAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dry-air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Returns:
        Dry air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 28
    """
    if isIP():
        DryAirEnthalpy = 0.240 * TDryBulb
    else:
        DryAirEnthalpy = 1006 * TDryBulb
    return DryAirEnthalpy

def GetDryAirDensity(TDryBulb: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dry-air density given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Dry air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    Notes:
        Eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
        Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
        The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
    """
    if isIP():
        DryAirDensity = (144 * Pressure) / R_DA_IP / GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)
    else:
        DryAirDensity = Pressure / R_DA_SI / GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)
    return DryAirDensity

def GetDryAirVolume(TDryBulb: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dry-air volume given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Dry air volume in ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    Notes:
        Eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
        Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
        The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
    """
    if isIP():
        DryAirVolume = R_DA_IP * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) / (144 * Pressure)
    else:
        DryAirVolume = R_DA_SI * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) / Pressure
    return DryAirVolume


def GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio(MoistAirEnthalpy: float, HumRatio: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dry bulb temperature from enthalpy and humidity ratio.
    Args:
        MoistAirEnthalpy : Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Returns:
        Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30
    Notes:
        Based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for temperature.
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio is negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    if isIP():
        TDryBulb  = (MoistAirEnthalpy - 1061.0 * BoundedHumRatio) / (0.240 + 0.444 * BoundedHumRatio)
    else:
        TDryBulb  = (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 2501.0 * BoundedHumRatio) / (1.006 + 1.86 * BoundedHumRatio)
    return TDryBulb

def GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb(MoistAirEnthalpy: float, TDryBulb: float) -> float:
    """
    Return humidity ratio from enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature.
    Args:
        MoistAirEnthalpy : Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30.
    Notes:
        Based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for humidity ratio.
    """
    if isIP():
        HumRatio  = (MoistAirEnthalpy - 0.240 * TDryBulb) / (1061.0 + 0.444 * TDryBulb)
    else:
        HumRatio  = (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 1.006 * TDryBulb) / (2501.0 + 1.86 * TDryBulb)

    # Validity check.
    return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)


#######################################################################################################
# Saturated Air Calculations
#######################################################################################################

def GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb: float) -> float:
    """
    Return saturation vapor pressure given dry-bulb temperature.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Returns:
        Vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1  eqn 5 & 6
        Important note: the ASHRAE formulae are defined above and below the freezing point but have
        a discontinuity at the freezing point. This is a small inaccuracy on ASHRAE's part: the formulae
        should be defined above and below the triple point of water (not the feezing point) in which case
        the discontinuity vanishes. It is essential to use the triple point of water otherwise function
        GetTDewPointFromVapPres, which inverts the present function, does not converge properly around
        the freezing point.
    """
    if isIP():
        if (TDryBulb < -148 or TDryBulb > 392):
            raise ValueError("Dry bulb temperature must be in range [-148, 392]°F")

        T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)

        if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP):
            LnPws = (-1.0214165E+04 / T - 4.8932428 - 5.3765794E-03 * T + 1.9202377E-07 * T**2 \
                  + 3.5575832E-10 * math.pow(T, 3) - 9.0344688E-14 * math.pow(T, 4) + 4.1635019 * math.log(T))
        else:
            LnPws = -1.0440397E+04 / T - 1.1294650E+01 - 2.7022355E-02* T + 1.2890360E-05 * T**2 \
                  - 2.4780681E-09 * math.pow(T, 3) + 6.5459673 * math.log(T)
    else:
        if (TDryBulb < -100 or TDryBulb > 200):
            raise ValueError("Dry bulb temperature must be in range [-100, 200]°C")

        T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)

        if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI):
            LnPws = -5.6745359E+03 / T + 6.3925247 - 9.677843E-03 * T + 6.2215701E-07 * T**2 \
                  + 2.0747825E-09 * math.pow(T, 3) - 9.484024E-13 * math.pow(T, 4) + 4.1635019 * math.log(T)
        else:
            LnPws = -5.8002206E+03 / T + 1.3914993 - 4.8640239E-02 * T + 4.1764768E-05 * T**2 \
                  - 1.4452093E-08 * math.pow(T, 3) + 6.5459673 * math.log(T)

    SatVapPres = math.exp(LnPws)
    return SatVapPres

def GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return humidity ratio of saturated air given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio of saturated air in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36, solved for W
    """
    SatVaporPres = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
    SatHumRatio = 0.621945 * SatVaporPres / (Pressure - SatVaporPres)

    # Validity check.
    return max(SatHumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

def GetSatAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return saturated air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb: Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure: Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Saturated air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    """
    SatHumRatio = GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure)
    SatAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, SatHumRatio)
    return SatAirEnthalpy


#######################################################################################################
# Moist Air Calculations
#######################################################################################################

def GetVaporPressureDeficit(TDryBulb: float, HumRatio: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return Vapor pressure deficit given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Vapor pressure deficit in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        Oke (1987) eqn 2.13a
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio is negative")

    RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    VaporPressureDeficit = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb) * (1 - RelHum)
    return VaporPressureDeficit

def GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb: float, HumRatio: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return the degree of saturation (i.e humidity ratio of the air / humidity ratio of the air at saturation
    at the same temperature and pressure) given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and atmospheric pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Degree of saturation in arbitrary unit
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2009) ch. 1 eqn 12
    Notes:
        This definition is absent from the 2017 Handbook. Using 2009 version instead.
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio is negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    SatHumRatio = GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure)
    DegreeOfSaturation = BoundedHumRatio / SatHumRatio
    return DegreeOfSaturation

def GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb: float, HumRatio: float) -> float:
    """
    Return moist air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    Returns:
        Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio is negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    if isIP():
        MoistAirEnthalpy = 0.240 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio * (1061 + 0.444 * TDryBulb)
    else:
        MoistAirEnthalpy = (1.006 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio * (2501. + 1.86 * TDryBulb)) * 1000
    return MoistAirEnthalpy

def GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb: float, HumRatio: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return moist air specific volume given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ of dry air [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ of dry air [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
    Notes:
        In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
        The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio is negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    if isIP():
        MoistAirVolume = R_DA_IP * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / (144 * Pressure)
    else:
        MoistAirVolume = R_DA_SI * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / Pressure
    return MoistAirVolume

def GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio(MoistAirVolume: float, HumRatio: float, Pressure: float) -> float:
    """
    Return dry-bulb temperature given moist air specific volume, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    Args:
        MoistAirVolume: Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ of dry air [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ of dry air [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
    Notes:
        In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
        The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
        Based on the `GetMoistAirVolume` function, rearranged for dry-bulb temperature.
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio is negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    if isIP():
        TDryBulb = GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(MoistAirVolume * (144 * Pressure)
                        / (R_DA_IP * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)))
    else:
        TDryBulb = GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(MoistAirVolume * Pressure
                        / (R_DA_SI * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)))
    return TDryBulb

def GetMoistAirDensity(TDryBulb: float, HumRatio: float, Pressure:float) -> float:
    """
    Return moist air density given humidity ratio, dry bulb temperature, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        MoistAirDensity: Moist air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 11
    """
    if HumRatio < 0:
        raise ValueError("Humidity ratio is negative")
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure)
    MoistAirDensity = (1 + BoundedHumRatio) / MoistAirVolume
    return MoistAirDensity


#######################################################################################################
# Standard atmosphere
#######################################################################################################

def GetStandardAtmPressure(Altitude: float) -> float:
    """
    Return standard atmosphere barometric pressure, given the elevation (altitude).
    Args:
        Altitude: Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    Returns:
        Standard atmosphere barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 3
    """

    if isIP():
        StandardAtmPressure = 14.696 * math.pow(1 - 6.8754e-06 * Altitude, 5.2559)
    else:
        StandardAtmPressure = 101325 * math.pow(1 - 2.25577e-05 * Altitude, 5.2559)
    return StandardAtmPressure

def GetStandardAtmTemperature(Altitude: float) -> float:
    """
    Return standard atmosphere temperature, given the elevation (altitude).
    Args:
        Altitude: Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    Returns:
        Standard atmosphere dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Reference:
        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 4
    """
    if isIP():
        StandardAtmTemperature = 59 - 0.00356620 * Altitude
    else:
        StandardAtmTemperature = 15 - 0.0065 * Altitude
    return StandardAtmTemperature

def GetSeaLevelPressure(StationPressure: float, Altitude: float, TDryBulb: float) -> float:

    """
    Return sea level pressure given dry-bulb temperature, altitude above sea level and pressure.
    Args:
        StationPressure : Observed station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
        Altitude: Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Returns:
        Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        Hess SL, Introduction to theoretical meteorology, Holt Rinehart and Winston, NY 1959,
        ch. 6.5; Stull RB, Meteorology for scientists and engineers, 2nd edition,
        Brooks/Cole 2000, ch. 1.
    Notes:
        The standard procedure for the US is to use for TDryBulb the average
        of the current station temperature and the station temperature from 12 hours ago.
    """
    if isIP():
        # Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
        # of 3.6 °F/1000ft
        TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0036 * Altitude / 2

        # Determine the scale height
        H = 53.351 * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TColumn)
    else:
        # Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
        # of 6.5 °C/km
        TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0065 * Altitude / 2

        # Determine the scale height
        H = 287.055 * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TColumn) / 9.807

    # Calculate the sea level pressure
    SeaLevelPressure = StationPressure * math.exp(Altitude / H)
    return SeaLevelPressure

def GetStationPressure(SeaLevelPressure: float, Altitude: float, TDryBulb: float) -> float:
    """
    Return station pressure from sea level pressure.
    Args:
        SeaLevelPressure : Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
        Altitude: Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    Returns:
        Station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Reference:
        See 'GetSeaLevelPressure'
    Notes:
        This function is just the inverse of 'GetSeaLevelPressure'.
    """
    StationPressure = SeaLevelPressure / GetSeaLevelPressure(1, Altitude, TDryBulb)
    return StationPressure


######################################################################################################
# Functions to set all psychrometric values
#######################################################################################################

def CalcPsychrometricsFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb: float, TWetBulb: float, Pressure: float) -> tuple:
    """
    Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, dew-point temperature, relative humidity,
    vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
    dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        TWetBulb : Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
        Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
        Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
        Degree of saturation [unitless]
    """
    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
    MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    return HumRatio, TDewPoint, RelHum, VapPres, MoistAirEnthalpy, MoistAirVolume, DegreeOfSaturation

def CalcPsychrometricsFromTDewPoint(TDryBulb: float, TDewPoint: float, Pressure: float) -> tuple:
    """
    Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity,
    vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
    dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
        Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
        Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
        Degree of saturation [unitless]
    """
    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure)
    TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
    MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    return HumRatio, TWetBulb, RelHum, VapPres, MoistAirEnthalpy, MoistAirVolume, DegreeOfSaturation

def CalcPsychrometricsFromRelHum(TDryBulb: float, RelHum: float, Pressure: float) -> tuple:
    """
    Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature,
    vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
    dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and pressure.
    Args:
        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        RelHum : Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    Returns:
        Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI].
        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
        Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
        Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
        Degree of saturation [unitless]
    """
    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure)
    TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
    MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    return HumRatio, TWetBulb, TDewPoint, VapPres, MoistAirEnthalpy, MoistAirVolume, DegreeOfSaturation

C_sharp

/*
 * PsychroLib (version 2.3.0) (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib)
 * Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer, D. Gosnell for the current library implementation
 * Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals for ASHRAE equations and coefficients
 * Ported to C# by https://github.com/DJGosnell
 * Licensed under the MIT License.
 */

using System;

namespace PsychroLib
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Class of functions to enable the calculation of psychrometric properties of moist and dry air.
    /// </summary>
    public class Psychrometrics
    {
        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Global constants
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Zero degree Fahrenheit (°F) expressed as degree Rankine (°R).
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.
        /// </summary>
        private const double ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE = 459.67;

        /// <summary>
        /// Zero degree Celsius (°C) expressed as Kelvin (K).
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.
        /// </summary>
        private const double ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN = 273.15;

        /// <summary>
        /// Universal gas constant for dry air (IP version) in ft lb_Force lb_DryAir⁻¹ R⁻¹.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.
        /// </summary>
        private const double R_DA_IP = 53.350;

        /// <summary>
        /// Universal gas constant for dry air (SI version) in J kg_DryAir⁻¹ K⁻¹.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.
        /// </summary>
        private const double R_DA_SI = 287.042;

        /// <summary>
        /// Invalid value (dimensionless).
        /// </summary>
        private const double INVALID = -99999;

        /// <summary>
        /// Maximum number of iterations before exiting while loops.
        /// </summary>
        private const double MAX_ITER_COUNT = 100;

        /// <summary>
        /// Minimum acceptable humidity ratio used/returned by any functions.
        /// Any value above 0 or below the MIN_HUM_RATIO will be reset to this value.
        /// </summary>
        private const double MIN_HUM_RATIO = 1e-7;

        /// <summary>
        /// Freezing point of water in Fahrenheit.
        /// </summary>
        private const double FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.0;

        /// <summary>
        /// Freezing point of water in Celsius.
        /// </summary>
        private const double FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.0;

        /// <summary>
        /// Triple point of water in Fahrenheit.
        /// </summary>
        private const double TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.018;

        /// <summary>
        /// Triple point of water in Celsius.
        /// </summary>
        private const double TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.01;

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or Sets the current system of units for the calculations.
        /// </summary>
        public UnitSystem UnitSystem
        {
            get => _unitSystem;
            set
            {
                _unitSystem = value;
                if (value == UnitSystem.IP)
                    PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001 * 9.0 / 5.0;
                else
                    PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001;
            }
        }

        private double PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE;
        private UnitSystem _unitSystem;

        /// <summary>
        /// Constructor to create instance with the specified unit system.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="unitSystem">System of units to utilize for calculations.</param>
        public Psychrometrics(UnitSystem unitSystem)
        {
            UnitSystem = unitSystem;
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Conversion between temperature units
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Utility function to convert temperature to degree Rankine (°R)
        /// given temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F).
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tF">Temperature in Fahrenheit (°F)</param>
        /// <returns>Rankine (°R)</returns>
        public double GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(double tF)
        {
            return tF + ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE; /* exact */
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Utility function to convert temperature to degree Fahrenheit (°F)
        /// given temperature in degree Rankine (°R).
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tR">Temperature in Rankine (°R)</param>
        /// <returns>Fahrenheit (°F)</returns>
        public double GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(double tR)
        {
            return tR - ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE; /* exact */
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Utility function to convert temperature to Kelvin (K)
        /// given temperature in degree Celsius (°C).
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tC">Temperature in Celsius (°C)</param>
        /// <returns>Rankine (°R)</returns>
        public double GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(double tC)
        {
            return tC + ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN; /* exact */
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Utility function to convert temperature to degree Celsius (°C)
        /// given temperature in Kelvin (K).
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tK">Temperature in Rankine (°R)</param>
        /// <returns>Celsius (°C)</returns>
        public double GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(double tK)
        {
            return tK - ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN; /* exact */
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Conversions between dew point, wet bulb, and relative humidity
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tDewPoint">Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint(double tDryBulb, double tDewPoint, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(tDewPoint <= tDryBulb))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

            var humRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(tDewPoint, pressure);
            return GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, humRatio, pressure);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="relHum">Relative humidity [0-1]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTWetBulbFromRelHum(double tDryBulb, double relHum, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(relHum >= 0.0 && relHum <= 1.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]");

            var humRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(tDryBulb, relHum, pressure);
            return GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, humRatio, pressure);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and dew-point temperature.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 22
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tDewPoint">Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Relative humidity [0-1]</returns>
        public double GetRelHumFromTDewPoint(double tDryBulb, double tDewPoint)
        {
            if (!(tDewPoint <= tDryBulb))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

            var vapPres = GetSatVapPres(tDewPoint);
            var satVapPres = GetSatVapPres(tDryBulb);
            return vapPres / satVapPres;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tWetBulb">Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Relative humidity [0-1]</returns>
        public double GetRelHumFromTWetBulb(double tDryBulb, double tWetBulb, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(tWetBulb <= tDryBulb))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

            var humRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(tDryBulb, tWetBulb, pressure);
            return GetRelHumFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, humRatio, pressure);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="relHum">Relative humidity [0-1]</param>
        /// <returns>Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTDewPointFromRelHum(double tDryBulb, double relHum)
        {
            if (!(relHum >= 0.0 && relHum <= 1.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]");

            var vapPres = GetVapPresFromRelHum(tDryBulb, relHum);
            return GetTDewPointFromVapPres(tDryBulb, vapPres);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tWetBulb">Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb(double tDryBulb, double tWetBulb, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(tWetBulb <= tDryBulb))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

            var humRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(tDryBulb, tWetBulb, pressure);
            return GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, humRatio, pressure);
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Conversions between dew point, or relative humidity and vapor pressure
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return partial pressure of water vapor as a function of relative humidity and temperature.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="relHum">Relative humidity [0-1]</param>
        /// <returns>Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        public double GetVapPresFromRelHum(double tDryBulb, double relHum)
        {
            if (!(relHum >= 0.0 && relHum <= 1.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]");

            return relHum * GetSatVapPres(tDryBulb);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="vapPres">Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Relative humidity [0-1]</returns>
        public double GetRelHumFromVapPres(double tDryBulb, double vapPres)
        {
            if (!(vapPres >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air is negative");

            return vapPres / GetSatVapPres(tDryBulb);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Helper function returning the derivative of the natural log of the saturation vapor pressure
        /// as a function of dry-bulb temperature.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 &amp; 6
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Derivative of natural log of vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        private double dLnPws_(double tDryBulb)
        {
            double dLnPws, T;

            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
            {
                T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(tDryBulb);

                if (tDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP)
                    dLnPws = 1.0214165E+04 / Math.Pow(T, 2) - 5.3765794E-03 + 2 * 1.9202377E-07 * T
                             + 3 * 3.5575832E-10 * Math.Pow(T, 2) - 4 * 9.0344688E-14 * Math.Pow(T, 3) 
                             + 4.1635019 / T;
                else
                    dLnPws = 1.0440397E+04 / Math.Pow(T, 2) - 2.7022355E-02 + 2 * 1.2890360E-05 * T
                             - 3 * 2.4780681E-09 * Math.Pow(T, 2) + 6.5459673 / T;
            }
            else
            {
                T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(tDryBulb);

                if (tDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI)
                    dLnPws = 5.6745359E+03 / Math.Pow(T, 2) - 9.677843E-03 + 2 * 6.2215701E-07 * T
                             + 3 * 2.0747825E-09 * Math.Pow(T, 2) - 4 * 9.484024E-13 * Math.Pow(T, 3) 
                             + 4.1635019 / T;
                else
                    dLnPws = 5.8002206E+03 / Math.Pow(T, 2) - 4.8640239E-02 + 2 * 4.1764768E-05 * T
                             - 3 * 1.4452093E-08 * Math.Pow(T, 2) + 6.5459673 / T;
            }

            return dLnPws;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 and 6
        /// Notes: the dew point temperature is solved by inverting the equation giving water vapor pressure
        /// at saturation from temperature rather than using the regressions provided
        /// by ASHRAE (eqn. 37 and 38) which are much less accurate and have a
        /// narrower range of validity.
        /// The Newton-Raphson (NR) method is used on the logarithm of water vapour
        /// pressure as a function of temperature, which is a very smooth function
        /// Convergence is usually achieved in 3 to 5 iterations.
        /// tDryBulb is not really needed here, just used for convenience.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="vapPres">Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>(o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTDewPointFromVapPres(double tDryBulb, double vapPres)
        {
            // Bounds function of the system of units

            var bounds = UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP
                ? new[] {-148.0, 392.0}
                : new[] {-100.0, 200.0};

            // Bounds outside which a solution cannot be found
            if (vapPres < GetSatVapPres(bounds[0]) || vapPres > GetSatVapPres(bounds[1]))
                throw new InvalidOperationException(
                    "Partial pressure of water vapor is outside range of validity of equations");

            // We use NR to approximate the solution.
            // First guess
            var tDewPoint =
                tDryBulb; // Calculated value of dew point temperatures, solved for iteratively in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
            var lnVP = Math.Log(vapPres); // Natural logarithm of partial pressure of water vapor pressure in moist air

            double tDewPoint_iter; // Value of tDewPoint used in NR calculation
            double lnVP_iter; // Value of log of vapor water pressure used in NR calculation
            var index = 1;
            do
            {
                // Current point
                tDewPoint_iter = tDewPoint;
                lnVP_iter = Math.Log(GetSatVapPres(tDewPoint_iter));

                // Derivative of function, calculated analytically
                var d_lnVP = dLnPws_(tDewPoint_iter);

                // New estimate, bounded by domain of validity of eqn. 5 and 6
                tDewPoint = tDewPoint_iter - (lnVP_iter - lnVP) / d_lnVP;
                tDewPoint = Math.Max(tDewPoint, bounds[0]);
                tDewPoint = Math.Min(tDewPoint, bounds[1]);

                if (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
                        "Convergence not reached in GetTDewPointFromVapPres. Stopping.");

                index++;
            } while (Math.Abs(tDewPoint - tDewPoint_iter) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE);

            return Math.Min(tDewPoint, tDryBulb);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return vapor pressure given dew point temperature.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 36
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDewPoint">Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        public double GetVapPresFromTDewPoint(double tDewPoint)
        {
            return GetSatVapPres(tDewPoint);
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Conversions from wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, or relative humidity to humidity ratio
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35 solved for Tstar
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(double tDryBulb, double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            // Declarations
            double Wstar;
            double tDewPoint, tWetBulb, tWetBulbSup, tWetBulbInf, boundedHumRatio;
            var index = 1;

            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");
            boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            tDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, boundedHumRatio, pressure);

            // Initial guesses
            tWetBulbSup = tDryBulb;
            tWetBulbInf = tDewPoint;
            tWetBulb = (tWetBulbInf + tWetBulbSup) / 2.0;

            // Bisection loop
            while ((tWetBulbSup - tWetBulbInf) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE)
            {
                // Compute humidity ratio at temperature Tstar
                Wstar = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(tDryBulb, tWetBulb, pressure);

                // Get new bounds
                if (Wstar > boundedHumRatio)
                    tWetBulbSup = tWetBulb;
                else
                    tWetBulbInf = tWetBulb;

                // New guess of wet bulb temperature
                tWetBulb = (tWetBulbSup + tWetBulbInf) / 2.0;

                if (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
                        "Convergence not reached in GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio. Stopping.");

                index++;
            }

            return tWetBulb;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tWetBulb">Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(double tDryBulb, double tWetBulb, double pressure)
        {
            double wsstar;
            double humRatio = INVALID;

            if (!(tWetBulb <= tDryBulb))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

            wsstar = GetSatHumRatio(tWetBulb, pressure);

            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
            {
                if (tWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP)
                    humRatio = ((1093.0 - 0.556 * tWetBulb) * wsstar - 0.240 * (tDryBulb - tWetBulb))
                               / (1093.0 + 0.444 * tDryBulb - tWetBulb);
                else
                    humRatio = ((1220.0 - 0.04 * tWetBulb) * wsstar - 0.240 * (tDryBulb - tWetBulb))
                               / (1220.0 + 0.444 * tDryBulb - 0.48 * tWetBulb);
            }
            else
            {
                if (tWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI)
                    humRatio = ((2501.0 - 2.326 * tWetBulb) * wsstar - 1.006 * (tDryBulb - tWetBulb))
                               / (2501.0 + 1.86 * tDryBulb - 4.186 * tWetBulb);
                else
                    humRatio = ((2830.0 - 0.24 * tWetBulb) * wsstar - 1.006 * (tDryBulb - tWetBulb))
                               / (2830.0 + 1.86 * tDryBulb - 2.1 * tWetBulb);
            }

            // Validity check.
            return Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="relHum">Relative humidity [0-1]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetHumRatioFromRelHum(double tDryBulb, double relHum, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(relHum >= 0.0 && relHum <= 1.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]");

            var vapPres = GetVapPresFromRelHum(tDryBulb, relHum);
            return GetHumRatioFromVapPres(vapPres, pressure);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Relative humidity [0-1]</returns>
        public double GetRelHumFromHumRatio(double tDryBulb, double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");

            var vapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(humRatio, pressure);
            return GetRelHumFromVapPres(tDryBulb, vapPres);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return humidity ratio given dew-point temperature and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDewPoint">Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(double tDewPoint, double pressure)
        {
            var vapPres = GetSatVapPres(tDewPoint);
            return GetHumRatioFromVapPres(vapPres, pressure);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(double tDryBulb, double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");

            var vapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(humRatio, pressure);
            return GetTDewPointFromVapPres(tDryBulb, vapPres);
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Conversions between humidity ratio and vapor pressure
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return humidity ratio given water vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="vapPres">Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetHumRatioFromVapPres(double vapPres, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(vapPres >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air is negative");

            var humRatio = 0.621945 * vapPres / (pressure - vapPres);

            // Validity check.
            return Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return vapor pressure given humidity ratio and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20 solved for pw
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        public double GetVapPresFromHumRatio(double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");
            var boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            var vapPres = pressure * boundedHumRatio / (0.621945 + boundedHumRatio);
            return vapPres;
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Conversions between humidity ratio and specific humidity
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return the specific humidity from humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio)
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Specific humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio(double humRatio)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");
            var boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            return boundedHumRatio / (1.0 + boundedHumRatio);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return the humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio) from specific humidity
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b (solved for humidity ratio)
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="specificHum"></param>
        /// <returns>Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum(double specificHum)
        {
            if (!(specificHum >= 0.0 && specificHum < 1.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Specific humidity is outside range [0, 1]");

            var humRatio = specificHum / (1.0 - specificHum);

            // Validity check
            return Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Dry Air Calculations
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return dry-air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 28
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Dry air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetDryAirEnthalpy(double tDryBulb)
        {
            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return 0.240 * tDryBulb;

            return 1006.0 * tDryBulb;
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return dry-air density given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// Notes: eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
        /// Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
        /// The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Dry air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetDryAirDensity(double tDryBulb, double pressure)
        {
            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return (144.0 * pressure) / R_DA_IP / GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(tDryBulb);

            return pressure / R_DA_SI / GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(tDryBulb);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return dry-air volume given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.
        /// Notes: eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
        /// Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
        /// The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Dry air volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetDryAirVolume(double tDryBulb, double pressure)
        {
            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return R_DA_IP * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(tDryBulb) / (144.0 * pressure);

            return R_DA_SI * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(tDryBulb) / pressure;
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return dry bulb temperature from enthalpy and humidity ratio.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30.
        /// Notes: based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for temperature.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="moistAirEnthalpy">Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio(double moistAirEnthalpy, double humRatio)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");
            var boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return (moistAirEnthalpy - 1061.0 * boundedHumRatio) / (0.240 + 0.444 * boundedHumRatio);

            return (moistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 2501.0 * boundedHumRatio) / (1.006 + 1.86 * boundedHumRatio);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return humidity ratio from enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30.
        /// Notes: based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for humidity ratio.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="moistAirEnthalpy">Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹</param>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻</returns>
        public double GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb(double moistAirEnthalpy, double tDryBulb)
        {
            {
                double humRatio;
                if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                    humRatio = (moistAirEnthalpy - 0.240 * tDryBulb) / (1061.0 + 0.444 * tDryBulb);
                else
                    humRatio = (moistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 1.006 * tDryBulb) / (2501.0 + 1.86 * tDryBulb);

                // Validity check.
                return Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
            }
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Saturated Air Calculations
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return saturation vapor pressure given dry-bulb temperature.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 &amp; 6
        /// Important note: the ASHRAE formulae are defined above and below the freezing point but have
        /// a discontinuity at the freezing point. This is a small inaccuracy on ASHRAE's part: the formulae
        /// should be defined above and below the triple point of water (not the feezing point) in which case
        /// the discontinuity vanishes. It is essential to use the triple point of water otherwise function
        /// GetTDewPointFromVapPres, which inverts the present function, does not converge properly around
        /// the freezing point.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        public double GetSatVapPres(double tDryBulb)
        {
            double lnPws;

            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
            {
                if (!(tDryBulb >= -148.0 && tDryBulb <= 392.0))
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Dry bulb temperature is outside range [-148, 392]");

                var T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(tDryBulb);
                if (tDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP)
                    lnPws = (-1.0214165E+04 / T - 4.8932428 - 5.3765794E-03 * T + 1.9202377E-07 * T * T
                                                                                + 3.5575832E-10 * Math.Pow(T, 3) -
                             9.0344688E-14 * Math.Pow(T, 4) + 4.1635019 * Math.Log(T));
                else
                    lnPws = -1.0440397E+04 / T - 1.1294650E+01 - 2.7022355E-02 * T + 1.2890360E-05 * T * T
                            - 2.4780681E-09 * Math.Pow(T, 3) + 6.5459673 * Math.Log(T);
            }
            else
            {
                if (!(tDryBulb >= -100.0 && tDryBulb <= 200.0))
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Dry bulb temperature is outside range [-100, 200]");

                var T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(tDryBulb);
                if (tDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI)
                    lnPws = -5.6745359E+03 / T + 6.3925247 - 9.677843E-03 * T + 6.2215701E-07 * T * T
                                                                              + 2.0747825E-09 * Math.Pow(T, 3) -
                            9.484024E-13 * Math.Pow(T, 4) + 4.1635019 * Math.Log(T);
                else
                    lnPws = -5.8002206E+03 / T + 1.3914993 - 4.8640239E-02 * T + 4.1764768E-05 * T * T
                            - 1.4452093E-08 * Math.Pow(T, 3) + 6.5459673 * Math.Log(T);
            }

            return Math.Exp(lnPws);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return humidity ratio of saturated air given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36, solved for W
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Humidity ratio of saturated air in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetSatHumRatio(double tDryBulb, double pressure)
        {
            var satVaporPres = GetSatVapPres(tDryBulb);
            var satHumRatio = 0.621945 * satVaporPres / (pressure - satVaporPres);

            // Validity check.
            return Math.Max(satHumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return saturated air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Saturated air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetSatAirEnthalpy(double tDryBulb, double pressure)
        {
            return GetMoistAirEnthalpy(tDryBulb, GetSatHumRatio(tDryBulb, pressure));
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Moist Air Calculations
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return Vapor pressure deficit given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
        /// Reference: see Oke (1987) eqn. 2.13a
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Vapor pressure deficit in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        public double GetVaporPressureDeficit(double tDryBulb, double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");

            var relHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, humRatio, pressure);
            return GetSatVapPres(tDryBulb) * (1.0 - relHum);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return the degree of saturation (i.e humidity ratio of the air / humidity ratio of the air at saturation
        /// at the same temperature and pressure) given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and atmospheric pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2009) ch. 1 eqn. 12
        /// Notes: the definition is absent from the 2017 Handbook
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Degree of saturation (unitless)</returns>
        public double GetDegreeOfSaturation(double tDryBulb, double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");
            var boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            return boundedHumRatio / GetSatHumRatio(tDryBulb, pressure);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return moist air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 30
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Moist Air Enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetMoistAirEnthalpy(double tDryBulb, double humRatio)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");

            var boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return 0.240 * tDryBulb + boundedHumRatio * (1061.0 + 0.444 * tDryBulb);

            return (1.006 * tDryBulb + boundedHumRatio * (2501.0 + 1.86 * tDryBulb)) * 1000.0;
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return moist air specific volume given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 26
        /// Notes: in IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26.
        /// The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Specific Volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetMoistAirVolume(double tDryBulb, double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");
            var boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return R_DA_IP * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(tDryBulb) * (1.0 + 1.607858 * boundedHumRatio) /
                       (144.0 * pressure);

            return R_DA_SI * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(tDryBulb) * (1.0 + 1.607858 * boundedHumRatio) / pressure;
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return dry-bulb temperature given moist air specific volume, humidity ratio, and pressure.
        /// Reference:
        /// ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
        /// Notes:
        /// In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
        /// The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
        /// Based on the `GetMoistAirVolume` function, rearranged for dry-bulb temperature.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="MoistAirVolume">Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ of dry air [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ of dry air [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio(double MoistAirVolume, double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");
            var boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return  GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(MoistAirVolume * (144 * pressure) / (R_DA_IP * (1 + 1.607858 * boundedHumRatio)));

            return GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(MoistAirVolume * pressure / (R_DA_SI * (1 + 1.607858 * boundedHumRatio)));
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return moist air density given humidity ratio, dry bulb temperature, and pressure.
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 11
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="humRatio">Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Moist air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]</returns>
        public double GetMoistAirDensity(double tDryBulb, double humRatio, double pressure)
        {
            if (!(humRatio >= 0.0))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Humidity ratio is negative");

            var boundedHumRatio = Math.Max(humRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

            return (1.0 + boundedHumRatio) / GetMoistAirVolume(tDryBulb, boundedHumRatio, pressure);
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Standard atmosphere
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Return standard atmosphere barometric pressure, given the elevation (altitude).
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 3
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="altitude">altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Standard atmosphere barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        public double GetStandardAtmPressure(double altitude)
        {
            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return 14.696 * Math.Pow(1.0 - 6.8754e-06 * altitude, 5.2559);

            return 101325.0 * Math.Pow(1.0 - 2.25577e-05 * altitude, 5.2559);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return standard atmosphere temperature, given the elevation (altitude).
        /// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 4
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="altitude">altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]</param>
        /// <returns> Standard atmosphere dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</returns>
        public double GetStandardAtmTemperature(double altitude)
        {
            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
                return 59.0 - 0.00356620 * altitude;

            return 15.0 - 0.0065 * altitude;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return sea level pressure given dry-bulb temperature, altitude above sea level and pressure.
        /// Reference: Hess SL, Introduction to theoretical meteorology, Holt Rinehart and Winston, NY 1959,
        /// ch. 6.5; Stull RB, Meteorology for scientists and engineers, 2nd edition,
        /// Brooks/Cole 2000, ch. 1.
        /// Notes: the standard procedure for the US is to use for tDryBulb the average
        /// of the current station temperature and the station temperature from 12 hours ago.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="stnPressure">Observed station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="altitude">Altitude above sea level in ft [IP] or m [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        public double GetSeaLevelPressure(double stnPressure, double altitude, double tDryBulb)
        {
            double h;
            if (UnitSystem == UnitSystem.IP)
            {
                // Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
                // of 3.6 °F/1000ft
                var tColumn = tDryBulb + 0.0036 * altitude / 2.0;

                // Determine the scale height
                h = 53.351 * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(tColumn);
            }
            else
            {
                // Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
                // of 6.5 °C/km
                var tColumn = tDryBulb + 0.0065 * altitude / 2.0;

                // Determine the scale height
                h = 287.055 * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(tColumn) / 9.807;
            }

            // Calculate the sea level pressure
            var seaLevelPressure = stnPressure * Math.Exp(altitude / h);
            return seaLevelPressure;
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Return station pressure from sea level pressure
        /// Reference: see 'GetSeaLevelPressure'
        /// Notes: this function is just the inverse of 'GetSeaLevelPressure'.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="seaLevelPressure">Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="altitude">Altitude above sea level in ft [IP] or m [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</returns>
        public double GetStationPressure(double seaLevelPressure, double altitude, double tDryBulb)
        {
            return seaLevelPressure / GetSeaLevelPressure(1.0, altitude, tDryBulb);
        }


        /******************************************************************************************************
         * Functions to set all psychrometric values
         *****************************************************************************************************/

        /// <summary>
        /// Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, dew-point temperature, relative humidity,
        /// vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
        /// dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tWetBulb">Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Calculated values.</returns>
        public PsychrometricValue CalcPsychrometricsFromTWetBulb(double tDryBulb, double tWetBulb, double pressure)
        {
            var value = new PsychrometricValue
            {
                TDryBulb = tDryBulb,
                TWetBulb = tWetBulb,
                Pressure = pressure
            };

            value.HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(tDryBulb, tWetBulb, pressure);
            value.TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio);
            value.MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);

            return value;
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity,
        /// vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
        /// dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="tDewPoint">Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Calculated values.</returns>
        public PsychrometricValue CalcPsychrometricsFromTDewPoint(double tDryBulb, double tDewPoint, double pressure)
        {
            var value = new PsychrometricValue
            {
                TDryBulb = tDryBulb,
                TDewPoint = tDewPoint,
                Pressure = pressure
            };

            value.HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(tDewPoint, pressure);
            value.TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio);
            value.MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);

            return value;
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature,
        /// vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
        /// dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and pressure.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tDryBulb">Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]</param>
        /// <param name="relHum">Relative humidity [0-1]</param>
        /// <param name="pressure">Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]</param>
        /// <returns>Calculated values.</returns>
        public PsychrometricValue CalcPsychrometricsFromRelHum(double tDryBulb, double relHum, double pressure)
        {
            var value = new PsychrometricValue
            {
                TDryBulb = tDryBulb,
                RelHum = relHum,
                Pressure = pressure
            };

            value.HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(tDryBulb, relHum, pressure);
            value.TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio);
            value.MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);
            value.DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(tDryBulb, value.HumRatio, pressure);

            return value;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Contains output results of a Psychrometric calculation.
    /// </summary>
    public class PsychrometricValue
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        /// </summary>
        public double TDryBulb { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        /// </summary>
        public double TWetBulb { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
        /// </summary>
        public double Pressure { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
        /// </summary>
        public double HumRatio { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
        /// </summary>
        public double TDewPoint { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Relative humidity [0-1]
        /// </summary>
        public double RelHum { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
        /// </summary>
        public double VapPres { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
        /// </summary>
        public double MoistAirEnthalpy { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Specific volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
        /// </summary>
        public double MoistAirVolume { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Degree of saturation [unitless]
        /// </summary>
        public double DegreeOfSaturation { get; set; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Standard unit systems
    /// </summary>
    public enum UnitSystem
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Imperial Units
        /// </summary>
        IP = 1,

        /// <summary>
        /// Metric System Units
        /// </summary>
        SI = 2
    }
}

Fortran

! PsychroLib (version 2.3.0) (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib)
! Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer for the current library implementation
! Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals for ASHRAE equations and coefficients
! Licensed under the MIT License.

module psychrolib
  !+ Module overview
  !+  Contains functions for calculating thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures
  !+  and standard atmosphere suitable for most engineering, physical, and meteorological
  !+  applications.
  !+
  !+  Most of the functions are an implementation of the formulae found in the
  !+  2017 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, in both International System (SI),
  !+  and Imperial (IP) units. Please refer to the information included in
  !+  each function for their respective reference.
  !+
  !+ Example
  !+  use psychrolib, only: GetTDewPointFromRelHum, SetUnitSystem, SI
  !+  ! Set the unit system, for example to SI (can be either 'SI' or 'IP')
  !+  call SetUnitSystem(SI)
  !+  ! Calculate the dew point temperature for a dry bulb temperature of 25 C and a relative humidity of 80%
  !+  print *, GetTDewPointFromRelHum(25.0, 0.80)
  !+ 21.3094
  !+
  !+ Copyright
  !+  - For the current library implementation
  !+     Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer.
  !+  - For equations and coefficients published ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, Chapter 1
  !+     Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals (https://www.ashrae.org)
  !+
  !+ License
  !+  MIT (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/LICENSE.txt)
  !+
  !+ Note from the Authors
  !+  We have made every effort to ensure that the code is adequate, however, we make no
  !+  representation with respect to its accuracy. Use at your own risk. Should you notice
  !+  an error, or if you have a suggestion, please notify us through GitHub at
  !+  https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/issues.


  implicit none

  private
  public :: IP
  public :: SI
  public :: SetUnitSystem
  public :: GetUnitSystem
  public :: isIP
  public :: GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit
  public :: GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine
  public :: GetTKelvinFromTCelsius
  public :: GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin
  public :: GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint
  public :: GetTWetBulbFromRelHum
  public :: GetRelHumFromTDewPoint
  public :: GetRelHumFromTWetBulb
  public :: GetTDewPointFromRelHum
  public :: GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb
  public :: GetVapPresFromRelHum
  public :: GetRelHumFromVapPres
  public :: GetTDewPointFromVapPres
  public :: GetVapPresFromTDewPoint
  public :: GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio
  public :: GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb
  public :: GetHumRatioFromRelHum
  public :: GetRelHumFromHumRatio
  public :: GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint
  public :: GetTDewPointFromHumRatio
  public :: GetHumRatioFromVapPres
  public :: GetVapPresFromHumRatio
  public :: GetDryAirEnthalpy
  public :: GetDryAirDensity
  public :: GetDryAirVolume
  public :: GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio
  public :: GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb
  public :: GetSatVapPres
  public :: GetSatHumRatio
  public :: GetSatAirEnthalpy
  public :: GetVaporPressureDeficit
  public :: GetDegreeOfSaturation
  public :: GetMoistAirEnthalpy
  public :: GetMoistAirVolume
  public :: GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio
  public :: GetMoistAirDensity
  public :: GetStandardAtmPressure
  public :: GetStandardAtmTemperature
  public :: GetSeaLevelPressure
  public :: GetStationPressure
  public :: GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio
  public :: GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum
  public :: CalcPsychrometricsFromTWetBulb
  public :: CalcPsychrometricsFromTDewPoint
  public :: CalcPsychrometricsFromRelHum
  public :: dLnPws_


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Global constants
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  real, parameter ::  ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE = 459.67
    !+ Zero degree Fahrenheit (°F) expressed as degree Rankine (°R).
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.

  real, parameter ::  ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN = 273.15
    !+ Zero degree Celsius (°C) expressed as Kelvin (K).
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.

  real, parameter ::  R_DA_IP = 53.350
    !+ Universal gas constant for dry air (IP version) in ft lb_Force lb_DryAir⁻¹ R⁻¹.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.

  real, parameter ::  R_DA_SI = 287.042
    !+ Universal gas constant for dry air (SI version) in J kg_DryAir⁻¹ K⁻¹.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.

  integer, parameter :: IP = 1
  integer, parameter :: SI = 2

  integer  :: PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = 0 ! 0 = undefined.
    !+ Unit system to use.

  real ::  PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 1.0
    !+ Tolerance of temperature calculations.

  integer, parameter  :: MAX_ITER_COUNT = 100
    !+ Maximum number of iterations before exiting while loops.

  real, parameter  :: MIN_HUM_RATIO = 1e-7
    !+ Minimum acceptable humidity ratio used/returned by any functions.
    !+ Any value above 0 or below the MIN_HUM_RATIO will be reset to this value.

  real, parameter  :: FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.0
    !+ float: Freezing point of water in Fahrenheit.

  real, parameter  :: FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.0
    !+ float: Freezing point of water in Celsius.

  real, parameter  :: TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.018
    !+ float: Triple point of water in Fahrenheit.

  real, parameter  :: TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.01
    !+ float: Triple point of water in Celsius.


  contains


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Helper functions
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  subroutine SetUnitSystem(UnitSystem)
  !+ Set the system of units to use (SI or IP).
  !+ Notes: this function *HAS TO BE CALLED* before the library can be used

    integer, intent(in)    :: UnitSystem
    !+ Units: string indicating the system of units chosen (SI or IP)

    if (.not. (UnitSystem == SI .or. UnitSystem == IP)) then
      error stop "The system of units has to be either SI or IP."
    end if

    PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UnitSystem

    ! Define tolerance on temperature calculations
    ! The tolerance is the same in IP and SI
    if (UnitSystem == IP) then
      PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001 * 9.0 / 5.0
    else
      PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001
    end if
  end subroutine SetUnitSystem

  function GetUnitSystem() result(UnitSystem)
    !+ Return the system of units in use.
    integer :: UnitSystem
    UnitSystem = PSYCHROLIB_UNITS
  end function GetUnitSystem

  function isIP()
    !+ Check whether the system in use is IP or SI
    logical :: isIP
    if (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == IP) then
      isIP = .true.
    else if (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == SI) then
      isIP = .false.
    else
      error stop "The system of units has not been defined."
    end if
  end function isIP


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Conversion between temperature units
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TFahrenheit) result(TRankine)
    !+ Utility function to convert temperature to degree Rankine (°R)
    !+ given temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F).
    !+ Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3

    real, intent(in)  :: TFahrenheit
      !+ Temperature in degree Fahrenheit
    real              :: TRankine
      !+ Temperature in degree Rankine

    TRankine = TFahrenheit + ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE
  end function GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit

  function GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(TRankine) result(TFahrenheit)
    !+ Utility function to convert temperature to degree Fahrenheit (°F)
    !+ given temperature in degree Rankine (°R).
    !+ Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3

    real, intent(in)  :: TRankine
      !+ Temperature in degree Rankine
    real              :: TFahrenheit
      !+ Temperature in degree Fahrenheit

    TFahrenheit = TRankine - ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE
  end function GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine

  function GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TCelsius) result(TKelvin)
    !+ Utility function to convert temperature to Kelvin (K)
    !+ given temperature in degree Celsius (°C).
    !+ Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3

    real, intent(in)  :: TCelsius
      !+ Temperature in degree Celsius
    real              :: TKelvin
      !+ Tempearatyre in Kelvin

    TKelvin = TCelsius + ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN
  end function GetTKelvinFromTCelsius

  function GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(TKelvin) result(TCelsius)
    !+ Utility function to convert temperature to degree Celsius (°C)
    !+ given temperature in Kelvin (K).
    !+ Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3

    real, intent(in)  :: TKelvin
      !+ Tempearatyre in Kelvin
    real              :: TCelsius
      !+ Temperature in degree Celsius

    TCelsius = TKelvin - ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN
  end function GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Conversions between dew point, wet bulb, and relative humidity
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint(TDryBulb, TDewPoint, Pressure) result(TWetBulb)
    !+ Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  :: TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  :: TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  :: Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              :: TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              :: HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    if (TDewPoint > TDryBulb) then
      error stop "Error: dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature"
    end if

    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure)
    TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  end function GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint

  function GetTWetBulbFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure) result(TWetBulb)
    !+ Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    if (RelHum < 0.0 .or. RelHum > 1.0) then
      error stop "Error: relative humidity is outside range [0,1]"
    end if

    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure)
    TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  end function GetTWetBulbFromRelHum

  function GetRelHumFromTDewPoint(TDryBulb, TDewPoint) result(RelHum)
    !+ Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and dew-point temperature.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 22

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  SatVapPres
      !+ Vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    if (TDewPoint > TDryBulb) then
      error stop "Error: dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature"
    end if

    VapPres     = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
    SatVapPres  = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
    RelHum      = VapPres / SatVapPres
  end function GetRelHumFromTDewPoint

  function GetRelHumFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure) result(RelHum)
    !+ Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and pressure.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real              ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    if (TWetBulb > TDryBulb) then
      error stop "Error: wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature"
    end if

    HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
    RelHum   = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  end function GetRelHumFromTWetBulb

  function GetTDewPointFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum) result(TDewPoint)
    !+ Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real              ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    if (RelHum < 0.0 .or. RelHum > 1.0) then
      error stop "Error: relative humidity is outside range [0,1]"
    end if

    VapPres   = GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum)
    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
  end function GetTDewPointFromRelHum

  function GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure) result(TDewPoint)
    !+ Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    if (TWetBulb > TDryBulb) then
      error stop "Error: wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature"
    end if

    HumRatio  = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  end function GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Conversions between dew point, or relative humidity and vapor pressure
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum) result(VapPres)
    !+ Return partial pressure of water vapor as a function of relative humidity and temperature.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    if (RelHum < 0.0 .or. RelHum > 1.0) then
      error stop "Error: relative humidity is outside range [0,1]"
    end if

    VapPres = RelHum * GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
  end function GetVapPresFromRelHum

  function GetRelHumFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres) result(RelHum)
    !+ Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]

    if (VapPres < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: partial pressure of water vapor in moist air cannot be negative"
    end if

    RelHum = VapPres / GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
  end function GetRelHumFromVapPres

  function dLnPws_(TDryBulb) result(dLnPws)
    !+ Helper function returning the derivative of the natural log of the saturation vapor pressure
    !+ as a function of dry-bulb temperature.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1  eqn 5

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  dLnPws
      !+ Derivative of natural log of vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  T
      !+ Dry bulb temperature in R [IP] or K [SI]

    if (isIP()) then

      T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)

      if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP) then
        dLnPws = 1.0214165E+04 / T**2 - 5.3765794E-03 + 2 * 1.9202377E-07 * T &
                 + 3 * 3.5575832E-10 * T**2 - 4 * 9.0344688E-14 * T**3 + 4.1635019 / T
      else
        dLnPws = 1.0440397E+04 / T**2 - 2.7022355E-02 + 2 * 1.2890360E-05 * T &
                 - 3 * 2.4780681E-09 * T**2 + 6.5459673 / T
      end if

    else

      T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)

      if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI) then
        dLnPws = 5.6745359E+03 / T**2 - 9.677843E-03 + 2 * 6.2215701E-07 * T &
                 + 3 * 2.0747825E-09 * T**2 - 4 * 9.484024E-13 * T**3 + 4.1635019 / T
      else
        dLnPws = 5.8002206E+03 / T**2 - 4.8640239E-02 + 2 * 4.1764768E-05 * T &
                 - 3 * 1.4452093E-08 * T**2 + 6.5459673 / T
      end if
    end if
  end function dLnPws_

  function GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres) result(TDewPoint)
    !+ Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 and 6
    !+ Notes:
    !+ The dew point temperature is solved by inverting the equation giving water vapor pressure
    !+ at saturation from temperature rather than using the regressions provided
    !+ by ASHRAE (eqn. 37 and 38) which are much less accurate and have a
    !+ narrower range of validity.
    !+ The Newton-Raphson (NR) method is used on the logarithm of water vapour
    !+ pressure as a function of temperature, which is a very smooth function
    !+ Convergence is usually achieved in 3 to 5 iterations.
    !+ TDryBulb is not really needed here, just used for convenience.

    real, intent(in)    ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)    ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real                ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real                ::  lnVP
      !+ Natural logarithm of partial pressure of water vapor pressure in moist air
    real                ::  d_lnVP
      !+ Derivative of function, calculated numerically
    real                ::  lnVP_iter
      !+ Value of log of vapor water pressure used in NR calculation
    real                ::  TDewPoint_iter
      !+ Value of TDewPoint used in NR calculation
    real, dimension(2)  ::  BOUNDS
      !+ Valid temperature range in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    integer             :: index
      !+ Index used in the calculation

    ! Bounds and step size as a function of the system of units
    if (isIP()) then
        BOUNDS(1) = -148.0
        BOUNDS(2) =  392.0
    else
        BOUNDS(1) = -100.0
        BOUNDS(2) =  200.0
    end if

    ! Validity check -- bounds outside which a solution cannot be found
    if (VapPres < GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS(1)) .or. VapPres > GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS(2))) then
      error stop "Error: partial pressure of water vapor is outside range of validity of equations"
    end if

    ! We use NR to approximate the solution.
    TDewPoint = TDryBulb
    lnVP = log(VapPres)
    index = 1

    do while (.true.)
      TDewPoint_iter = TDewPoint ! TDewPoint_iter used in NR calculation
      lnVP_iter = log(GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint_iter))

      ! Derivative of function, calculated analytically
      d_lnVP = dLnPws_(TDewPoint_iter)

      ! New estimate, bounded by the search domain defined above
      TDewPoint = TDewPoint_iter - (lnVP_iter - lnVP) / d_lnVP
      TDewPoint = max(TDewPoint, BOUNDS(1))
      TDewPoint = min(TDewPoint, BOUNDS(2))

      if (abs(TDewPoint - TDewPoint_iter) <= PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE) then
        exit
      end if

      if (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT) then
        error stop "Convergence not reached in GetTDewPointFromVapPres. Stopping."
      end if

      index = index + 1
    end do

  TDewPoint = min(TDewPoint, TDryBulb)
  end function GetTDewPointFromVapPres

  function GetVapPresFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint) result(VapPres)
    !+ Return vapor pressure given dew point temperature.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    VapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
  end function GetVapPresFromTDewPoint


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Conversions from wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, or relative humidity to humidity ratio
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure) result(TWetBulb)
    !+ Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35 solved for Tstar

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  TDewPoint
      !+ TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  TWetBulbSup
      !+ Upper value of wet bulb temperature in bissection method (initial guess is from dry bulb temperature) in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  TWetBulbInf
      !+ Lower value of wet bulb temperature in bissection method (initial guess is from dew point temperature) in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  Wstar
      !+ Humidity ratio at temperature Tstar in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO
    integer           ::  index
      !+ index used in iteration

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio cannot be negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure)

    ! Initial guesses
    TWetBulbSup = TDryBulb
    TWetBulbInf = TDewPoint
    TWetBulb = (TWetBulbInf + TWetBulbSup) / 2.0

    index = 1
    ! Bisection loop
    do while ((TWetBulbSup - TWetBulbInf) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE)

    ! Compute humidity ratio at temperature Tstar
    Wstar = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)

    ! Get new bounds
    if (Wstar > BoundedHumRatio) then
      TWetBulbSup = TWetBulb
    else
      TWetBulbInf = TWetBulb
    end if

    ! New guess of wet bulb temperature
    TWetBulb = (TWetBulbSup + TWetBulbInf) / 2.0

      if (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT) then
        error stop "Convergence not reached in GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio. Stopping."
      end if

    index = index + 1
    end do
  end function GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio

  function GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure) result(HumRatio)
    !+ Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
    !+ References:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              ::  Wsstar
      !+ Humidity ratio at temperature Tstar in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    if (TWetBulb > TDryBulb) then
      error stop "Error: wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature"
    end if

    Wsstar = GetSatHumRatio(TWetBulb, Pressure)

    if (isIP()) then
      if (TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP) then
        HumRatio = ((1093.0 - 0.556 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.240 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))   &
                   / (1093.0 + 0.444 * TDryBulb - TWetBulb)
      else
        HumRatio = ((1220.0 - 0.04 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.240 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))    &
                   / (1220.0 + 0.444 * TDryBulb - 0.48 * TWetBulb)
      end if
    else
      if (TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI) then
        HumRatio = ((2501.0 - 2.326 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))   &
                   / (2501.0 + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 4.186 * TWetBulb)
      else
           HumRatio = ((2830.0 - 0.24 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) &
                      / (2830.0 + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 2.1 * TWetBulb)
      end if
    end if

    ! Validity check.
    HumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  end function GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb

  function GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure) result(HumRatio)
    !+ Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    if (RelHum < 0.0 .or. RelHum > 1.0) then
      error stop "Error: relative humidity is outside range [0,1]"
    end if

    VapPres   = GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum)
    HumRatio  = GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure)
  end function GetHumRatioFromRelHum

  function GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure) result(RelHum)
  !+ Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
  !+ Reference:
  !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio cannot be negative"
    end if

    VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    RelHum  = GetRelHumFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
  end function GetRelHumFromHumRatio

  function GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure) result(HumRatio)
    !+ Return humidity ratio given dew-point temperature and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    VapPres   = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
    HumRatio  = GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure)
  end function GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint

  function GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure) result(TDewPoint)
    !+ Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio cannot be negative"
    end if

    VapPres   = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
  end function GetTDewPointFromHumRatio


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Conversions between humidity ratio and vapor pressure
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure) result(HumRatio)
    !+ Return humidity ratio given water vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Fundamentals (2005) ch. 6 eqn. 22;
    !+ ASHRAE Fundamentals (2009) ch. 1 eqn. 22.

    real, intent(in)  ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    if (VapPres < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: partial pressure of water vapor in moist air cannot be negative"
    end if

    HumRatio = 0.621945 * VapPres / (Pressure-VapPres)

    ! Validity check.
    HumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  end function GetHumRatioFromVapPres

  function GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure) result(VapPres)
    !+ Return vapor pressure given humidity ratio and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20 solved for pw

    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio is negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    VapPres = Pressure * BoundedHumRatio / (0.621945 + BoundedHumRatio)
  end function GetVapPresFromHumRatio


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Conversions between humidity ratio and specific humidity
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio(HumRatio) result(SpecificHum)
    !+ Return the specific humidity from humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio).
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b

    real, intent(in) :: HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real             :: SpecificHum
      !+ Specific humidity in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio cannot be negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    SpecificHum = BoundedHumRatio / (1.0 + BoundedHumRatio)
  end function GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio

  function GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum(SpecificHum) result(HumRatio)
    !+ Return the humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio) from specific humidity.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b (solved for humidity ratio)

    real, intent(in)  :: SpecificHum
      !+ Specific humidity in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              :: HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    if (SpecificHum < 0.0 .or. SpecificHum >= 1.0) then
      error stop "Error: specific humidity is outside range [0, 1["
    end if

    HumRatio = SpecificHum / (1.0 - SpecificHum)

    ! Validity check.
    HumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  end function GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Dry Air Calculations
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetDryAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb) result(DryAirEnthalpy)
    !+ Return dry-air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 28

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  DryAirEnthalpy
      !+ Dry air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]

    if (isIP()) then
      DryAirEnthalpy = 0.240 * TDryBulb
    else
      DryAirEnthalpy = 1006 * TDryBulb
    end if
  end function GetDryAirEnthalpy

  function GetDryAirDensity(TDryBulb, Pressure) result(DryAirDensity)
    !+ Return dry-air density given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    !+ Notes:
    !+ Eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
    !+ Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
    !+ The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  DryAirDensity
      !+ Dry air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]

    if (isIP()) then
      DryAirDensity = (144 * Pressure) / R_DA_IP / GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)
    else
      DryAirDensity = Pressure / R_DA_SI / GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)
    end if
  end function GetDryAirDensity

  function GetDryAirVolume(TDryBulb, Pressure) result(DryAirVolume)
    !+ Return dry-air volume given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
    !+ Notes:
    !+ Eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
    !+ Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
    !+ The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  DryAirVolume
      !+ Dry air volume in ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]

    if (isIP()) then
      DryAirVolume = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) * R_DA_IP / (144 * Pressure)
    else
      DryAirVolume = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) * R_DA_SI / Pressure
    end if
  end function GetDryAirVolume

  function GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio(MoistAirEnthalpy, HumRatio) result(TDryBulb)
    !+ Return dry bulb temperature from enthalpy and humidity ratio.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30
    !+ Notes:
    !+ Based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for temperature.

    real, intent(in)  ::  MoistAirEnthalpy
      !+ Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio is negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    if (isIP()) then
      TDryBulb  = (MoistAirEnthalpy - 1061.0 * BoundedHumRatio) / (0.240 + 0.444 * BoundedHumRatio)
    else
      TDryBulb  = (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 2501.0 * BoundedHumRatio) / (1.006 + 1.86 * BoundedHumRatio)
    end if
  end function GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio

  function GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb(MoistAirEnthalpy, TDryBulb) result(HumRatio)
    !+ Return humidity ratio from enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30
    !+ Notes:
    !+ Based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for humidity ratio.

    real, intent(in)  ::  MoistAirEnthalpy
      !+ Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    if (isIP()) then
      HumRatio  = (MoistAirEnthalpy - 0.240 * TDryBulb) / (1061.0 + 0.444 * TDryBulb)
    else
      HumRatio  = (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 1.006 * TDryBulb) / (2501.0 + 1.86 * TDryBulb)
    end if

    ! Validity check.
    HumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  end function GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Saturated Air Calculations
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb) result(SatVapPres)
    !+ Return saturation vapor pressure given dry-bulb temperature.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1  eqn 5
    !+ Important note: the ASHRAE formulae are defined above and below the freezing point but have
    !+ a discontinuity at the freezing point. This is a small inaccuracy on ASHRAE's part: the formulae
    !+ should be defined above and below the triple point of water (not the feezing point) in which case 
    !+ the discontinuity vanishes. It is essential to use the triple point of water otherwise function
    !+ GetTDewPointFromVapPres, which inverts the present function, does not converge properly around
    !+ the freezing point.

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  SatVapPres
      !+ Vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  LnPws
      !+ Log of Vapor Pressure of saturated air (dimensionless)
    real              ::  T
      !+ Dry bulb temperature in R [IP] or K [SI]

    if (isIP()) then
      if (TDryBulb < -148.0 .or. TDryBulb > 392.0) then
        error stop "Error: dry bulb temperature must be in range [-148, 392]°F"
      end if

      T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)

      if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP) then
        LnPws = (-1.0214165E+04 / T - 4.8932428 - 5.3765794E-03 * T + 1.9202377E-07 * T**2    &
                + 3.5575832E-10 * T**3 - 9.0344688E-14 * T**4 + 4.1635019 * log(T))
      else
        LnPws = -1.0440397E+04 / T - 1.1294650E+01 - 2.7022355E-02* T + 1.2890360E-05 * T**2  &
                - 2.4780681E-09 * T**3 + 6.5459673 * log(T)
      end if

      else
        if (TDryBulb < -100.0 .or. TDryBulb > 200.0) then
          error stop "Error: dry bulb temperature must be in range [-100, 200]°C"
        end if

        T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)

        if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI) then
          LnPws = -5.6745359E+03 / T + 6.3925247 - 9.677843E-03 * T + 6.2215701E-07 * T**2    &
                  + 2.0747825E-09 * T**3 - 9.484024E-13 * T**4 + 4.1635019 * log(T)
        else
          LnPws = -5.8002206E+03 / T + 1.3914993 - 4.8640239E-02 * T + 4.1764768E-05 * T**2   &
                  - 1.4452093E-08 * T**3 + 6.5459673 * log(T)
        end if
      end if

    SatVapPres = exp(LnPws)
  end function GetSatVapPres

  function GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure) result(SatHumRatio)
    !+ Return humidity ratio of saturated air given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36, solved for W

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  SatHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio of saturated air in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              ::  SatVaporPres
      !+ Vapor pressure of saturated air in in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]

    SatVaporPres  = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
    SatHumRatio   = 0.621945 * SatVaporPres / (Pressure-SatVaporPres)

    ! Validity check.
    SatHumRatio = max(SatHumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  end function GetSatHumRatio

  function GetSatAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, Pressure) result(SatAirEnthalpy)
    !+ Return saturated air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  SatAirEnthalpy
      !+ Saturated air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]

    SatAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure))
  end function GetSatAirEnthalpy


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Moist Air Calculations
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetVaporPressureDeficit(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure) result(VaporPressureDeficit)
    !+ Return Vapor pressure deficit given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ Oke (1987) eqn 2.13a

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  VaporPressureDeficit
      !+ Vapor pressure deficit in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio is negative"
    end if

    RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    VaporPressureDeficit = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb) * (1.0 - RelHum)
  end function GetVaporPressureDeficit

  function GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure) result(DegreeOfSaturation)
    !+ Return the degree of saturation (i.e humidity ratio of the air / humidity ratio of the air at saturation
    !+ at the same temperature and pressure) given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and atmospheric pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2009) ch. 1 eqn 12
    !+ Notes:
    !+ This definition is absent from the 2017 Handbook. Using 2009 version instead.

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  DegreeOfSaturation
      !+ Degree of saturation in arbitrary unit
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio is negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    DegreeOfSaturation = BoundedHumRatio / GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure)
  end function GetDegreeOfSaturation

  function GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio) result(MoistAirEnthalpy)
    !+ Return moist air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real              ::  MoistAirEnthalpy
      !+ Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio is negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    if (isIP()) then
        MoistAirEnthalpy = 0.240 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio * (1061.0 + 0.444 * TDryBulb)
    else
        MoistAirEnthalpy = (1.006 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio * (2501.0 + 1.86 * TDryBulb)) * 1000.0
    end if
  end function GetMoistAirEnthalpy

  function GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure) result(MoistAirVolume)
    !+ Return moist air specific volume given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
    !+ Notes:
    !+ In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
    !+ The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  MoistAirVolume
      !+ Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ of dry air [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ of dry air [SI]
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio is negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    if (isIP()) then
        MoistAirVolume = R_DA_IP * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) * (1.0 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / (144.0 * Pressure)
    else
        MoistAirVolume = R_DA_SI * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) * (1.0 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / Pressure
    end if
  end function GetMoistAirVolume

  function GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio(MoistAirVolume, HumRatio, Pressure) result(TDryBulb)
    !+ Return dry-bulb temperature given moist air specific volume, humidity ratio, and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
    !+ Notes:
    !+ In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
    !+ The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
    !+ Based on the `GetMoistAirVolume` function, rearranged for dry-bulb temperature.

    real, intent(in)  ::  MoistAirVolume
      !+ Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ of dry air [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ of dry air [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio is negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    if (isIP()) then
      TDryBulb = GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(MoistAirVolume * (144 * Pressure) &
                                / (R_DA_IP * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)))
    else
      TDryBulb = GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(MoistAirVolume * Pressure &
                                / (R_DA_SI * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)))
    end if
  end function GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio

  function GetMoistAirDensity(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure) result(MoistAirDensity)
    !+ Return moist air density given humidity ratio, dry bulb temperature, and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 11

    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  MoistAirDensity
      !+ Moist air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]
    real              ::  BoundedHumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio bounded to MIN_HUM_RATIO

    if (HumRatio < 0.0) then
      error stop "Error: humidity ratio is negative"
    end if
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

    MoistAirDensity = (1.0 + BoundedHumRatio) / GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure)
  end function GetMoistAirDensity


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Standard atmosphere
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  function GetStandardAtmPressure(Altitude) result(StandardAtmPressure)
    !+ Return standard atmosphere barometric pressure, given the elevation (altitude).
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 3

    real, intent(in)  ::  Altitude
      !+ Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    real              ::  StandardAtmPressure
      !+ Standard atmosphere barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    if (isIP()) then
        StandardAtmPressure = 14.696 * (1.0 - 6.8754e-06 * Altitude)**5.2559
    else
        StandardAtmPressure = 101325 * (1 - 2.25577e-05 * Altitude)**5.2559
    end if
  end function GetStandardAtmPressure

  function GetStandardAtmTemperature(Altitude) result(StandardAtmTemperature)
    !+ Return standard atmosphere temperature, given the elevation (altitude).
    !+ Reference:
    !+ ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 4

    real, intent(in)  ::  Altitude
      !+ Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    real              ::  StandardAtmTemperature
      !+ Standard atmosphere dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]

    if (isIP()) then
        StandardAtmTemperature = 59.0 - 0.00356620 * Altitude
    else
        StandardAtmTemperature = 15.0 - 0.0065 * Altitude
    end if
  end function GetStandardAtmTemperature

  function GetSeaLevelPressure(StnPressure, Altitude, TDryBulb) result(SeaLevelPressure)
    !+ Return sea level pressure given dry-bulb temperature, altitude above sea level and pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ Hess SL, Introduction to theoretical meteorology, Holt Rinehart and Winston, NY 1959,
    !+ ch. 6.5; Stull RB, Meteorology for scientists and engineers, 2nd edition,
    !+ Brooks/Cole 2000, ch. 1.
    !+ Notes:
    !+ The standard procedure for the US is to use for TDryBulb the average
    !+ of the current station temperature and the station temperature from 12 hours ago.

    real, intent(in)  ::  StnPressure
      !+ Observed station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Altitude
      !+ Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  SeaLevelPressure
      !+ Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real              ::  TColumn
      !+ Average temperature in column of air in R [IP] or K [SI]
    real              ::  H
      !+ scale height (dimensionless)

    if (isIP()) then
      ! Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
      ! of 3.6 °F/1000ft
      TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0036 * Altitude / 2.0

      ! Determine the scale height
      H = 53.351 * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TColumn)
    else
      ! Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
      ! of 6.5 °C/km
      TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0065 * Altitude / 2.0

      ! Determine the scale height
      H = 287.055 * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TColumn) / 9.807
    end if

    ! Calculate the sea level pressure
    SeaLevelPressure = StnPressure * exp(Altitude / H)
  end function GetSeaLevelPressure

  function GetStationPressure(SeaLevelPressure, Altitude, TDryBulb) result(StationPressure)
    !+ Return station pressure from sea level pressure.
    !+ Reference:
    !+ See 'GetSeaLevelPressure'
    !+ Notes:
    !+ This function is just the inverse of 'GetSeaLevelPressure'.

    real, intent(in)  ::  SeaLevelPressure
      !+ Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  Altitude
      !+ Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    real, intent(in)  ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real              ::  StationPressure
      !+ Station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]

    StationPressure = SeaLevelPressure / GetSeaLevelPressure(1.0, Altitude, TDryBulb)
  end function GetStationPressure


  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  ! Functions to set all psychrometric values
  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  subroutine CalcPsychrometricsFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb,           &
                                            TWetBulb,           &
                                            Pressure,           &
                                            HumRatio,           &
                                            TDewPoint,          &
                                            RelHum,             &
                                            VapPres,            &
                                            MoistAirEnthalpy,   &
                                            MoistAirVolume,     &
                                            DegreeOfSaturation)

    !+ Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, dew-point temperature, relative humidity,
    !+ vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
    !+ dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.

    real, intent(in)    ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)    ::  TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)    ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real, intent(out)   ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  MoistAirEnthalpy
      !+ Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  MoistAirVolume
      !+ Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  DegreeOfSaturation
      !+ Degree of saturation [unitless]

    HumRatio            = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
    TDewPoint           = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    RelHum              = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    VapPres             = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    MoistAirEnthalpy    = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
    MoistAirVolume      = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    DegreeOfSaturation  = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  end subroutine CalcPsychrometricsFromTWetBulb

  subroutine CalcPsychrometricsFromTDewPoint(TDryBulb,           &
                                             TDewPoint,          &
                                             Pressure,           &
                                             HumRatio,           &
                                             TWetBulb,           &
                                             RelHum,             &
                                             VapPres,            &
                                             MoistAirEnthalpy,   &
                                             MoistAirVolume,     &
                                             DegreeOfSaturation)

    !+ Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity,
    !+ vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
    !+ dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.

    real, intent(in)    ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)    ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)    ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real, intent(out)   ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  MoistAirEnthalpy
      !+ Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  MoistAirVolume
      !+ Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  DegreeOfSaturation
      !+ Degree of saturation [unitless]

    HumRatio            = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure)
    TWetBulb            = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    RelHum              = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    VapPres             = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    MoistAirEnthalpy    = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
    MoistAirVolume      = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    DegreeOfSaturation  = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  end subroutine CalcPsychrometricsFromTDewPoint

  subroutine CalcPsychrometricsFromRelHum(TDryBulb,           &
                                          RelHum,             &
                                          Pressure,           &
                                          HumRatio,           &
                                          TWetBulb,           &
                                          TDewPoint,          &
                                          VapPres,            &
                                          MoistAirEnthalpy,   &
                                          MoistAirVolume,     &
                                          DegreeOfSaturation)

    !+ Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature,
    !+ vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
    !+ dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and pressure.

    real, intent(in)    ::  TDryBulb
      !+ Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(in)    ::  RelHum
      !+ Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
    real, intent(in)    ::  Pressure
      !+ Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  HumRatio
      !+ Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  TWetBulb
      !+ Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  TDewPoint
      !+ Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  VapPres
      !+ Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  MoistAirEnthalpy
      !+ Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  MoistAirVolume
      !+ Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
    real, intent(out)   ::  DegreeOfSaturation
      !+ Degree of saturation [unitless]

    HumRatio            = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure)
    TWetBulb            = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    TDewPoint           = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    VapPres             = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
    MoistAirEnthalpy    = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
    MoistAirVolume      = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
    DegreeOfSaturation  = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  end subroutine CalcPsychrometricsFromRelHum


end module psychrolib

Visual Basic, VBA

' PsychroLib (version 2.3.0) (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib)
' Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer for the current library implementation
' Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals for ASHRAE equations and coefficients
' Licensed under the MIT License.
'
' psychrolib.vba
'
' Contains functions for calculating thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures
' and standard atmosphere suitable for most engineering, physical and meteorological
' applications.
'
' Most of the functions are an implementation of the formulae found in the
' 2017 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, in both International System (SI),
' and Imperial (IP) units. Please refer to the information included in
' each function for their respective reference.
'
' Example
'     ' Set the unit system, for example to SI (can be either ' SI'  or ' IP' )
'     ' by uncommenting the following line in the psychrolib module
'     Const PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UnitSystem.SI
'
'     ' Calculate the dew point temperature for a dry bulb temperature of 25 C and a relative humidity of 80%
'     TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromRelHum(25.0, 0.80)
'     Debug.Print(TDewPoint)
'     21.309397163661785
'
' Copyright
'     - For the current library implementation
'         Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer.
'     - For equations and coefficients published ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, Chapter 1
'         Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals (https://www.ashrae.org)
'
' License
'     MIT (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/LICENSE.txt)
'
' Note from the Authors
'     We have made every effort to ensure that the code is adequate, however, we make no
'     representation with respect to its accuracy. Use at your own risk. Should you notice
'     an error, or if you have a suggestion, please notify us through GitHub at
'     https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/issues.
'

Option Explicit


'******************************************************************************************************
' IMPORTANT: Manually uncomment the system of units to use
'******************************************************************************************************

'Enumeration to define systems of units
Enum UnitSystem
  IP = 1
  SI = 2
End Enum

' Uncomment one of these two lines to define the system of units ("IP" or "SI")
'Const PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UnitSystem.IP
'Const PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UnitSystem.SI


'******************************************************************************************************
' Global constants
'******************************************************************************************************

Private Const ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE = 459.67   ' Zero degree Fahrenheit (°F) expressed as degree Rankine (°R).
                                                    'Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.

Private Const ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN = 273.15       ' Zero degree Celsius (°C) expressed as Kelvin (K).
                                                    ' Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.

Private Const R_DA_IP = 53.35                 ' Universal gas constant for dry air (IP version) in ft lbf/lb_DryAir/R.

Private Const R_DA_SI = 287.042               ' Universal gas constant for dry air (SI version) in J/kg_DryAir/K.

Private Const MAX_ITER_COUNT = 100            ' Maximum number of iterations before exiting while loops.

Private Const MIN_HUM_RATIO = 1e-7            ' Minimum acceptable humidity ratio used/returned by any functions.
                                              ' Any value above 0 or below the MIN_HUM_RATIO will be reset to this value.

Private Const FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.0  ' Freezing point of water, in °F

Private Const FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.0   ' Freezing point of water, in °C

Private Const TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.018  ' Triple point of water, in °F

Private Const TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.01    ' Triple point of water, in °C

'******************************************************************************************************
' Helper functions
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetUnitSystem() As UnitSystem
'
' This function returns the system of units currently in use (SI or IP).
'
' Args:
'        none
'
' Returns:
'        The system of units currently in use ('SI' or 'IP')
'
' Note:
'
'        If you get an error here, it's because you have not uncommented one of the two lines
'        defining PSYCHROLIB_UNITS (see Global Constants section)
'
    GetUnitSystem = PSYCHROLIB_UNITS

End Function

Private Function isIP() As Variant
'
' This function checks whether the system of units currently in use is IP or SI.
'
' Args:
'         none
'
' Returns:
'         True if IP, False if SI, and raises error if undefined
'
  If (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UnitSystem.IP) Then
    isIP = True
  ElseIf (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UnitSystem.SI) Then
    isIP = False
  Else
    MsgBox ("The system of units has not been defined.")
    isIP = CVErr(xlErrNA)
  End If

End Function

Private Function GetTol() As Variant
'
' This function returns the tolerance on temperatures used for iterative solving.
' The value is physically the same in IP or SI.
'
' Args:
'         none
'
' Returns:
'         Tolerance on temperatures
'
  If (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UnitSystem.IP) Then
    GetTol = 0.001 * 9 / 5
  Else
    GetTol = 0.001
  End If
End Function

Private Sub MyMsgBox(ByVal ErrMsg As String)
'
' Error message output
' Override this function with your own if needed, or comment its code out if you don't want to see the messages
'
' Message disabled by default
'  MsgBox (ErrMsg)

End Sub

Private Function Min(ByVal Num1 As Variant, ByVal Num2 As Variant) As Variant
'
' Min function to return minimum of two numbers
'
  If (Num1 <= Num2) Then
    Min = Num1
  Else
    Min = Num2
  End If

End Function

Private Function Max(ByVal Num1 As Variant, ByVal Num2 As Variant) As Variant
'
' Max function to return maximum of two numbers
'
  If (Num1 >= Num2) Then
    Max = Num1
  Else
    Max = Num2
  End If

End Function


'*****************************************************************************
' Conversions between temperature units
'*****************************************************************************

Function GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(ByVal T_Fahrenheit As Variant) As Variant
'
' Utility function to convert temperature to degree Rankine (°R)
' given temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F).
'
'Args:
'        T_Fahrenheit: Temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F)
'
'Returns:
'        Temperature in degree Rankine (°R)
'
'Reference:
'        Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
'
'Notes:
'        Exact conversion.
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit = (T_Fahrenheit + ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(ByVal T_Rankine As Variant) As Variant
'
' Utility function to convert temperature to degree Fahrenheit (°F)
' given temperature in degree Rankine (°R).
'
'Args:
'        TRankine: Temperature in degree Rankine (°R)
'
'Returns:
'        Temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F)
'
'Reference:
'        Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
'
'Notes:
'        Exact conversion.
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine = (T_Rankine - ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(ByVal T_Celsius As Variant) As Variant
'
' Utility function to convert temperature to Kelvin (K)
' given temperature in degree Celsius (°C).
'
'Args:
'        TCelsius: Temperature in degree Celsius (°C)
'
'Returns:
'        Temperature in Kelvin (K)
'
'Reference:
'        Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
'
'Notes:
'        Exact conversion.
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  GetTKelvinFromTCelsius = (T_Celsius + ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTKelvinFromTCelsius = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(ByVal T_Kelvin As Variant) As Variant
'
' Utility function to convert temperature to degree Celsius (°C)
' given temperature in Kelvin (K).
'
'Args:
'        TKelvin: Temperature in Kelvin (K)
'
'Returns:
'        Temperature in degree Celsius (°C)
'
'Reference:
'        Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
'
'Notes:
'        Exact conversion.
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin = (T_Kelvin - ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
' Conversions between dew point, wet bulb, and relative humidity
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal TDewPoint As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
  Dim HumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If TDewPoint > TDryBulb Then
    MyMsgBox ("Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure)
  GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTWetBulbFromRelHum(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal RelHum As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        RelHum : Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
  Dim HumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (RelHum < 0 Or RelHum > 1) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure)
  GetTWetBulbFromRelHum = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTWetBulbFromRelHum = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetRelHumFromTDewPoint(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal TDewPoint As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and dew-point temperature.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 22
'
  Dim VapPres As Variant
  Dim SatVapPres As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (TDewPoint > TDryBulb) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  VapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
  SatVapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
  GetRelHumFromTDewPoint = VapPres / SatVapPres
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetRelHumFromTDewPoint = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetRelHumFromTWetBulb(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal TWetBulb As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        TWetBulb : Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
  Dim HumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If TWetBulb > TDryBulb Then
    MyMsgBox ("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
  GetRelHumFromTWetBulb = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetRelHumFromTWetBulb = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTDewPointFromRelHum(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal RelHum As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        RelHum: Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'
' Returns:
'        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'

  Dim VapPres As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If RelHum < 0 Or RelHum > 1 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Relative humidity is outside range [0, 1]")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  VapPres = GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum)
  GetTDewPointFromRelHum = GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTDewPointFromRelHum = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal TWetBulb As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        TWetBulb : Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
  Dim HumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If TWetBulb > TDryBulb Then
    MyMsgBox ("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
  GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
'  Conversions between dew point, or relative humidity and vapor pressure
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetVapPresFromRelHum(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal RelHum As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return partial pressure of water vapor as a function of relative humidity and temperature.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        RelHum : Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'
' Returns:
'        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If RelHum < 0 Or RelHum > 1 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Relative humidity is outside range [0, 1]")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  GetVapPresFromRelHum = RelHum * GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetVapPresFromRelHum = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetRelHumFromVapPres(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal VapPres As Variant) As Variant
' Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        VapPres: Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (VapPres < 0) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  GetRelHumFromVapPres = VapPres / GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetRelHumFromVapPres = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


Private Function dLnPws_(TDryBulb As Variant) As Variant
'
'    Helper function returning the derivative of the natural log of the saturation vapor pressure
'    as a function of dry-bulb temperature.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Derivative of natural log of vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1  eqn 5 & 6
'
  Dim T As Variant
  If (isIP()) Then
    T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)
    If (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP) Then
      dLnPws_ = 10214.165 / T ^ 2 - 0.0053765794 + 2 * 0.00000019202377 * T _
             + 3 * 3.5575832E-10 * T ^ 2 - 4 * 9.0344688E-14 * T ^ 3 + 4.1635019 / T
    Else
      dLnPws_ = 10440.397 / T ^ 2 - 0.027022355 + 2 * 0.00001289036 * T _
             - 3 * 2.4780681E-09 * T ^ 2 + 6.5459673 / T
    End If
  Else
    T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)
    If (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI) Then
      dLnPws_ = 5674.5359 / T ^ 2 - 0.009677843 + 2 * 0.00000062215701 * T _
             + 3 * 2.0747825E-09 * T ^ 2 - 4 * 9.484024E-13 * T ^ 3 + 4.1635019 / T
    Else
      dLnPws_ = 5800.2206 / T ^ 2 - 0.048640239 + 2 * 0.000041764768 * T _
             - 3 * 0.000000014452093 * T ^ 2 + 6.5459673 / T
    End If
  End If
End Function

Function GetTDewPointFromVapPres(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal VapPres As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        VapPres: Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 and 6
'
' Notes:
'        The dew point temperature is solved by inverting the equation giving water vapor pressure
'        at saturation from temperature rather than using the regressions provided
'        by ASHRAE (eqn. 37 and 38) which are much less accurate and have a
'        narrower range of validity.
'        The Newton-Raphson (NR) method is used on the logarithm of water vapour
'        pressure as a function of temperature, which is a very smooth function
'        Convergence is usually achieved in 3 to 5 iterations.
'        TDryBulb is not really needed here, just used for convenience.
'
  Dim BOUNDS(2) As Variant
  Dim PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE As Variant

  If (isIP()) Then
    BOUNDS(1) = -148.
    BOUNDS(2) = 392.
  Else
    BOUNDS(1) = -100.
    BOUNDS(2) = 200.
  End If

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If ((VapPres < GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS(1))) Or (VapPres > GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS(2)))) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Partial pressure of water vapor is outside range of validity of equations")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = GetTol()

  Dim TDewPoint As Variant
  Dim lnVP As Variant
  Dim d_lnVP As Variant
  Dim TDewPoint_iter As Variant
  Dim lnVP_iter
  Dim index As Variant
  index = 1

  ' We use NR to approximate the solution.
  ' First guess
  TDewPoint = TDryBulb        ' Calculated value of dew point temperatures, solved for iteratively
  lnVP = Log(VapPres)         ' Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air

  ' Iteration
  Do
    TDewPoint_iter = TDewPoint   ' Value of Tdp used in NR calculation
    lnVP_iter = Log(GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint_iter))

    ' Derivative of function, calculated analytically
    d_lnVP = dLnPws_(TDewPoint_iter)

    ' New estimate, bounded by domain of validity of eqn. 5 and 6 and by the freezing point
    TDewPoint = TDewPoint_iter - (lnVP_iter - lnVP) / d_lnVP
    TDewPoint = Max(TDewPoint, BOUNDS(1))
    TDewPoint = Min(TDewPoint, BOUNDS(2))

    If (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT) Then
      GoTo ErrHandler
    End If

    index = index + 1

  Loop While (Abs(TDewPoint - TDewPoint_iter) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE)

  TDewPoint = Min(TDewPoint, TDryBulb)
  GetTDewPointFromVapPres = TDewPoint
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTDewPointFromVapPres = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetVapPresFromTDewPoint(ByVal TDewPoint As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return vapor pressure given dew point temperature.
'
' Args:
'        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler
  GetVapPresFromTDewPoint = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetVapPresFromTDewPoint = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
'  Conversions from wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, or relative humidity to humidity ratio
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35 solved for Tstar
'

  ' Declarations
  Dim Wstar As Variant
  Dim TDewPoint As Variant, TWetBulb As Variant, TWetBulbSup As Variant, TWetBulbInf As Variant
  Dim Tol As Variant, BoundedHumRatio As Variant, index As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If HumRatio < 0 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio cannot be negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

  TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure)

  ' Initial guesses
  TWetBulbSup = TDryBulb
  TWetBulbInf = TDewPoint
  TWetBulb = (TWetBulbInf + TWetBulbSup) / 2

  ' Bisection loop
  Tol = GetTol()
  index = 0
  While ((TWetBulbSup - TWetBulbInf) > Tol)

    ' Compute humidity ratio at temperature Tstar
    Wstar = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)

    ' Get new bounds
    If (Wstar > BoundedHumRatio) Then
      TWetBulbSup = TWetBulb
    Else
      TWetBulbInf = TWetBulb
    End If

    ' New guess of wet bulb temperature
    TWetBulb = (TWetBulbSup + TWetBulbInf) / 2

    If (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT) Then
      GoTo ErrHandler
    End If

    index = index + 1
  Wend

  GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio = TWetBulb
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal TWetBulb As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        TWetBulb : Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35

  Dim Wsstar As Variant, HumRatio As Variant
  Wsstar = GetSatHumRatio(TWetBulb, Pressure)

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If TWetBulb > TDryBulb Then
    MyMsgBox ("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  If isIP() Then
    If (TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP) Then
      HumRatio = ((1093 - 0.556 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.24 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) / (1093 + 0.444 * TDryBulb - TWetBulb)
    Else
      HumRatio = ((1220 - 0.04 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.24 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) / (1220 + 0.444 * TDryBulb - 0.48 * TWetBulb)
    End If
  Else
    If (TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI) Then
      HumRatio = ((2501 - 2.326 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) / (2501 + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 4.186 * TWetBulb)
    Else
      HumRatio = ((2830 - 0.24 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb)) / (2830 + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 2.1 * TWetBulb)
    End If
  End If
  ' Validity check.
  GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetHumRatioFromRelHum(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal RelHum As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        RelHum : Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
  Dim VapPres As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If RelHum < 0 Or RelHum > 1 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Relative humidity is outside range [0, 1]")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  VapPres = GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum)
  GetHumRatioFromRelHum = GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetHumRatioFromRelHum = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetRelHumFromHumRatio(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
'    Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
  Dim VapPres As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If HumRatio < 0 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
  GetRelHumFromHumRatio = GetRelHumFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetRelHumFromHumRatio = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


Function GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(ByVal TDewPoint As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return humidity ratio given dew-point temperature and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 13
'
  Dim VapPres As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  VapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint)
  GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint = GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
  Dim VapPres As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If HumRatio < 0 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
  GetTDewPointFromHumRatio = GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTDewPointFromHumRatio = CVErr(xlErrNA)
End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
'       Conversions between humidity ratio and vapor pressure
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetHumRatioFromVapPres(ByVal VapPres As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return humidity ratio given water vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure.
'
' Args:
'        VapPres : Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20
'
  Dim HumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If VapPres < 0 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  HumRatio = 0.621945 * VapPres / (Pressure - VapPres)
  ' Validity check.
  GetHumRatioFromVapPres = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetHumRatioFromVapPres = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetVapPresFromHumRatio(ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return vapor pressure given humidity ratio and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20 solved for pw
'

  Dim VapPres As Variant, BoundedHumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If HumRatio < 0 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

  VapPres = Pressure * BoundedHumRatio / (0.621945 + BoundedHumRatio)
  GetVapPresFromHumRatio = VapPres
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetVapPresFromHumRatio = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
'       Conversions between humidity ratio and specific humidity
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio(ByVal HumRatio As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return the specific humidity from humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio).
'
' Args:
'     HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
'
' Returns:
'     Specific humidity in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
'
' Reference:
'     ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b
'
'
  Dim SpecificHum As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (HumRatio < 0) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  SpecificHum = HumRatio / (1.0 + HumRatio)
  GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio = SpecificHum
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum(ByVal SpecificHum As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return the humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio) from specific humidity.
'
' Args:
'     SpecificHum : Specific Humidity in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
'
' Returns:
'     Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
'
' Reference:
'     ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b (solved for humidity ratio)
'
'
  Dim HumRatio as Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (SpecificHum < 0 Or SpecificHum >= 1) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Specific humidity is outside range [0, 1[")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

    HumRatio = SpecificHum / (1.0 - SpecificHum)
    GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
' Dry Air Calculations
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetDryAirEnthalpy(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dry-air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Dry air enthalpy in Btu/lb [IP] or J/kg [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 28
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetDryAirEnthalpy = 0.24 * TDryBulb
  Else
    GetDryAirEnthalpy = 1006 * TDryBulb
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetDryAirEnthalpy = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetDryAirDensity(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dry-air density given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Dry air density in lb/ft³ [IP] or kg/m³ [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
' Notes:
'        Eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
'        Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
'        The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb/in² to lb/ft².
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetDryAirDensity = (144 * Pressure) / R_DA_IP / GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)
  Else
    GetDryAirDensity = Pressure / R_DA_SI / GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetDryAirDensity = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetDryAirVolume(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dry-air volume given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Dry air volume in ft³/lb [IP] or in m³/kg [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
' Notes:
'        Eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
'        Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
'        The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb/in² to lb/ft².
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetDryAirVolume = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) * R_DA_IP / (144 * Pressure)
  Else:
    GetDryAirVolume = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) * R_DA_SI / Pressure
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetDryAirVolume = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio(ByVal MoistAirEnthalpy As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dry bulb temperature from enthalpy and humidity ratio.
'
'
' Args:
'     MoistAirEnthalpy : Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
'     HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
'
' Returns:
'     Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'     ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30
'
' Notes:
'     Based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for temperature.
'

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If HumRatio < 0 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio = (MoistAirEnthalpy - 1061.0 * HumRatio) / (0.24 + 0.444 * HumRatio)
  Else:
    GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio = (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 2501.0 * HumRatio) / (1.006 + 1.86 * HumRatio)
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb(ByVal MoistAirEnthalpy As Variant, ByVal TDryBulb As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return humidity ratio from enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature.
'
'
' Args:
'     MoistAirEnthalpy : Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
'     TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Returns:
'     Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
'
' Reference:
'     ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30
'
' Notes:
'     Based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for humidity ratio.
'

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb = (MoistAirEnthalpy - 0.24 * TDryBulb) / (1061.0 + 0.444 * TDryBulb)
  Else:
    GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb = (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 1.006 * TDryBulb) / (2501.0 + 1.86 * TDryBulb)
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
' Saturated Air Calculations
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetSatVapPres(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return saturation vapor pressure given dry-bulb temperature.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1  eqn 5 & 6
'        Important note: the ASHRAE formulae are defined above and below the freezing point but have
'        a discontinuity at the freezing point. This is a small inaccuracy on ASHRAE's part: the formulae
'        should be defined above and below the triple point of water (not the feezing point) in which case
'        the discontinuity vanishes. It is essential to use the triple point of water otherwise function
'        GetTDewPointFromVapPres, which inverts the present function, does not converge properly around
'        the freezing point.
'
  Dim LnPws As Variant, T As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (isIP()) Then
    If (TDryBulb < -148 Or TDryBulb > 392) Then
      MyMsgBox ("Dry bulb temperature is outside range [-148, 392] °F")
      GoTo ErrHandler
    End If

    T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb)

    If (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP) Then
      LnPws = (-10214.165 / T - 4.8932428 - 0.0053765794 * T + 0.00000019202377 * T ^ 2 _
            + 3.5575832E-10 * T ^ 3 - 9.0344688E-14 * T ^ 4 + 4.1635019 * Log(T))
    Else
      LnPws = -10440.397 / T - 11.29465 - 0.027022355 * T + 0.00001289036 * T ^ 2 _
            - 2.4780681E-09 * T ^ 3 + 6.5459673 * Log(T)
    End If

  Else
    If (TDryBulb < -100 Or TDryBulb > 200) Then
      MyMsgBox ("Dry bulb temperature is outside range [-100, 200] °C")
      GoTo ErrHandler
    End If

    T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb)

    If (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI) Then
        LnPws = -5674.5359 / T + 6.3925247 - 0.009677843 * T + 0.00000062215701 * T ^ 2 _
              + 2.0747825E-09 * T ^ 3 - 9.484024E-13 * T ^ 4 + 4.1635019 * Log(T)
    Else
        LnPws = -5800.2206 / T + 1.3914993 - 0.048640239 * T + 0.000041764768 * T ^ 2 _
              - 0.000000014452093 * T ^ 3 + 6.5459673 * Log(T)
    End If
  End If

  GetSatVapPres = Exp(LnPws)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetSatVapPres = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetSatHumRatio(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return humidity ratio of saturated air given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Humidity ratio of saturated air in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36, solved for W
'
  Dim SatVaporPres As Variant, SatHumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  SatVaporPres = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb)
  SatHumRatio = 0.621945 * SatVaporPres / (Pressure - SatVaporPres)
  GetSatHumRatio = max(SatHumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetSatHumRatio = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetSatAirEnthalpy(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return saturated air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb: Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure: Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Saturated air enthalpy in Btu/lb [IP] or J/kg [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  GetSatAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure))
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetSatAirEnthalpy = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
' Moist Air Calculations
'******************************************************************************************************


Function GetVaporPressureDeficit(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return Vapor pressure deficit given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Vapor pressure deficit in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        Oke (1987) eqn 2.13a
'
  Dim RelHum As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If HumRatio < 0 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If

  RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  GetVaporPressureDeficit = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb) * (1 - RelHum)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetVaporPressureDeficit = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetDegreeOfSaturation(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return the degree of saturation (i.e humidity ratio of the air / humidity ratio of the air at saturation
' at the same temperature and pressure) given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and atmospheric pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Degree of saturation in arbitrary unit
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2009) ch. 1 eqn 12
'
' Notes:
'        This definition is absent from the 2017 Handbook. Using 2009 version instead.
'
  Dim BoundedHumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If HumRatio < 0 Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

  GetDegreeOfSaturation = BoundedHumRatio / GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetDegreeOfSaturation = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetMoistAirEnthalpy(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return moist air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Moist air enthalpy in Btu/lb [IP] or J/kg
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30
'
  Dim BoundedHumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (HumRatio < 0) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetMoistAirEnthalpy = 0.24 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio * (1061 + 0.444 * TDryBulb)
  Else
    GetMoistAirEnthalpy = (1.006 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio * (2501 + 1.86 * TDryBulb)) * 1000
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetMoistAirEnthalpy = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetMoistAirVolume(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return moist air specific volume given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Specific volume of moist air in ft³/lb of dry air [IP] or in m³/kg of dry air [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
'
' Notes:
'        In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
'        The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb/in² to lb/ft².
'
  Dim BoundedHumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (HumRatio < 0) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetMoistAirVolume = R_DA_IP * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / (144 * Pressure)
  Else
    GetMoistAirVolume = R_DA_SI * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / Pressure
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetMoistAirVolume = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio(ByVal MoistAirVolume As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return dry-bulb temperature given moist air specific volume, humidity ratio, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        MoistAirVolume: Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ of dry air [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ of dry air [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Specific volume of moist air in ft³/lb of dry air [IP] or in m³/kg of dry air [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
'
' Notes:
'        In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
'        The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb/in² to lb/ft².
'        Based on the `GetMoistAirVolume` function, rearranged for dry-bulb temperature.
'
  Dim BoundedHumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (HumRatio < 0) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio = GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(MoistAirVolume * (144 * Pressure) / (R_DA_IP * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)))
  Else
    GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio = GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(MoistAirVolume * Pressure / (R_DA_SI * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)))
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetMoistAirDensity(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal HumRatio As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return moist air density given humidity ratio, dry bulb temperature, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        HumRatio : Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        MoistAirDensity: Moist air density in lb/ft³ [IP] or kg/m³ [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 11
'
  Dim MoistAirVolume As Variant, BoundedHumRatio As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (HumRatio < 0) Then
    MyMsgBox ("Humidity ratio is negative")
    GoTo ErrHandler
  End If
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO)

  MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure)
  GetMoistAirDensity = (1 + BoundedHumRatio) / MoistAirVolume
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetMoistAirDensity = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function


'******************************************************************************************************
' Standard atmosphere
'******************************************************************************************************

Function GetStandardAtmPressure(ByVal Altitude As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return standard atmosphere barometric pressure, given the elevation (altitude).
'
' Args:
'        Altitude: Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Standard atmosphere barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 3
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetStandardAtmPressure = 14.696 * (1 - 0.0000068754 * Altitude) ^ 5.2559
  Else
    GetStandardAtmPressure = 101325 * (1 - 0.0000225577 * Altitude) ^ 5.2559
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetStandardAtmPressure = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetStandardAtmTemperature(ByVal Altitude As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return standard atmosphere temperature, given the elevation (altitude).
'
' Args:
'        Altitude: Altitude in ft
'
' Returns:
'        Standard atmosphere dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 4
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (isIP()) Then
    GetStandardAtmTemperature = 59 - 0.0035662 * Altitude
  Else
    GetStandardAtmTemperature = 15 - 0.0065 * Altitude
  End If
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetStandardAtmTemperature = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetSeaLevelPressure(ByVal StationPressure As Variant, ByVal Altitude As Variant, ByVal TDryBulb As Variant) As Variant
'
' Return sea level pressure given dry-bulb temperature, altitude above sea level and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        StationPressure : Observed station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'        Altitude: Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        Hess SL, Introduction to theoretical meteorology, Holt Rinehart and Winston, NY 1959,
'        ch. 6.5; Stull RB, Meteorology for scientists and engineers, 2nd edition,
'        Brooks/Cole 2000, ch. 1.
'
' Notes:
'        The standard procedure for the US is to use for TDryBulb the average
'        of the current station temperature and the station temperature from 12 hours ago.
'

  ' Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
  ' of 6.5 °C/km
  Dim TColumn As Variant
  Dim H As Variant

  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  If (isIP()) Then
    ' Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
    ' of 3.6 °F/1000ft
    TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0036 * Altitude / 2

    ' Determine the scale height
    H = 53.351 * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TColumn)
  Else
    ' Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
    ' of 6.5 °C/km
    TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0065 * Altitude / 2

    ' Determine the scale height
    H = 287.055 * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TColumn) / 9.807
  End If

  ' Calculate the sea level pressure
  GetSeaLevelPressure = StationPressure * Exp(Altitude / H)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetSeaLevelPressure = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

Function GetStationPressure(ByVal SeaLevelPressure As Variant, ByVal Altitude As Variant, ByVal TDryBulb As Variant) As Variant
'
' Args:
'        SeaLevelPressure : Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'        Altitude: Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Reference:
'        See 'GetSeaLevelPressure'
'
' Notes:
'        This function is just the inverse of 'GetSeaLevelPressure'.
'
  On Error GoTo ErrHandler

  GetStationPressure = SeaLevelPressure / GetSeaLevelPressure(1, Altitude, TDryBulb)
  Exit Function

ErrHandler:
  GetStationPressure = CVErr(xlErrNA)

End Function

'******************************************************************************************************
' Functions to set all psychrometric values
'******************************************************************************************************

Sub CalcPsychrometricsFromTWetBulb(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal TWetBulb As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant, _
    ByRef HumRatio As Variant, ByRef TDewPoint As Variant, ByRef RelHum As Variant, ByRef VapPres As Variant, _
    ByRef MoistAirEnthalpy As Variant, ByRef MoistAirVolume As Variant, ByRef DegreeOfSaturation As Variant)
'
' Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, dew-point temperature, relative humidity,
' vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
' dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        TWetBulb : Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'        Moist air enthalpy in Btu/lb [IP] or J/kg [SI]
'        Specific volume of moist air in ft³/lb [IP] or in m³/kg [SI]
'        Degree of saturation [unitless]
'
  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure)
  TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
  MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
  MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)

End Sub

Sub CalcPsychrometricsFromTDewPoint(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal TDewPoint As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant, _
    ByRef HumRatio As Variant, ByRef TWetBulb As Variant, ByRef RelHum As Variant, ByRef VapPres As Variant, _
    ByRef MoistAirEnthalpy As Variant, ByRef MoistAirVolume As Variant, ByRef DegreeOfSaturation As Variant)
'
' Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity,
' vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
' dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        TDewPoint : Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'        Moist air enthalpy in Btu/lb [IP] or J/kg [SI]
'        Specific volume of moist air in ft³/lb [IP] or in m³/kg [SI]
'        Degree of saturation [unitless]
'
  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure)
  TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
  MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
  MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)

End Sub

Sub CalcPsychrometricsFromRelHum(ByVal TDryBulb As Variant, ByVal RelHum As Variant, ByVal Pressure As Variant, _
    ByRef HumRatio As Variant, ByRef TWetBulb As Variant, ByRef TDewPoint As Variant, ByRef VapPres As Variant, _
    ByRef MoistAirEnthalpy As Variant, ByRef MoistAirVolume As Variant, ByRef DegreeOfSaturation As Variant)
'
' Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature,
' vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
' dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and pressure.
'
' Args:
'        TDryBulb : Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        RelHum : Relative humidity in range [0, 1]
'        Pressure : Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'
' Returns:
'        Humidity ratio in lb_H2O/lb_Air [IP] or kg_H2O/kg_Air [SI]
'        Wet-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
'        Dew-point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI].
'        Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
'        Moist air enthalpy in Btu/lb [IP] or J/kg [SI]
'        Specific volume of moist air in ft³/lb [IP] or in m³/kg [SI]
'        Degree of saturation [unitless]
'
  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure)
  TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure)
  MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio)
  MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)
  DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure)

End Sub

Javascript

/**
 * PsychroLib (version 2.3.0) (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib)
 * Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer for the current library implementation
 * Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals for ASHRAE equations and coefficients
 * Licensed under the MIT License.
 */

function Psychrometrics() {
  /**
   * Module overview
   *  Contains functions for calculating thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures
   *  and standard atmosphere suitable for most engineering, physical and meteorological
   *  applications.
   *
   *  Most of the functions are an implementation of the formulae found in the
   *  2017 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, in both International System (SI),
   *  and Imperial (IP) units. Please refer to the information included in
   *  each function for their respective reference.
   *
   * Example (e.g. Node.JS)
   *  // Import the PsychroLib
   *  var psychrolib = require('psychrolib.js')
   *  // Set unit system
   *  psychrolib.SetUnitSystem(psychrolib.SI)
   *  // Calculate the dew point temperature for a dry bulb temperature of 25 C and a relative humidity of 80%
   *  var TDewPoint = psychrolib.GetTDewPointFromRelHum(25.0, 0.80);
   *  console.log('TDewPoint: %d', TDewPoint);
   * 21.3094
   *
   * Copyright
   *  - For the current library implementation
   *     Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer.
   *  - For equations and coefficients published ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, Chapter 1
   *     Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals (https://www.ashrae.org)
   *
   * License
   *  MIT (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/LICENSE.txt)
   *
   * Note from the Authors
   *  We have made every effort to ensure that the code is adequate, however, we make no
   *  representation with respect to its accuracy. Use at your own risk. Should you notice
   *  an error, or if you have a suggestion, please notify us through GitHub at
   *  https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/issues.
   */


  // Standard functions
  var log = Math.log;
  var exp = Math.exp;
  var pow = Math.pow;
  var min = Math.min;
  var max = Math.max;
  var abs = Math.abs;


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Global constants
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  var ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE = 459.67;  // Zero degree Fahrenheit (°F) expressed as degree Rankine (°R).
                                            // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.

  var ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN = 273.15;      // Zero degree Celsius (°C) expressed as Kelvin (K).
                                            // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.

  var R_DA_IP = 53.350;               // Universal gas constant for dry air (IP version) in ft lb_Force lb_DryAir⁻¹ R⁻¹.
                                      // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.

  var R_DA_SI = 287.042;              // Universal gas constant for dry air (SI version) in J kg_DryAir⁻¹ K⁻¹.
                                      // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.

  var INVALID = -99999;               // Invalid value (dimensionless).

  var MAX_ITER_COUNT = 100            // Maximum number of iterations before exiting while loops.

  var MIN_HUM_RATIO = 1e-7            // Minimum acceptable humidity ratio used/returned by any functions.
                                      // Any value above 0 or below the MIN_HUM_RATIO will be reset to this value.

  var FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.0  // Freezing point of water in Fahrenheit.

  var FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.0   // Freezing point of water in Celsius.

  var TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP = 32.018  // Triple point of water in Fahrenheit.

  var TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI = 0.01    // Triple point of water in Celsius.



  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Helper functions
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Systems of units (IP or SI)
  var PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = undefined;

  this.IP = 1;
  this.SI = 2;

  // Function to set the system of units
  // Note: this function *HAS TO BE CALLED* before the library can be used
  this.SetUnitSystem = function(UnitSystem) {
    if (UnitSystem != this.IP && UnitSystem != this.SI) {
      throw new Error('UnitSystem must be IP or SI');
    }
    PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UnitSystem;
    // Define tolerance of temperature calculations
    // The tolerance is the same in IP and SI
    if (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == this.IP)
      PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001 * 9. / 5.;
    else
      PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001;
  }

  // Return system of units in use.
  this.GetUnitSystem = function() {
    return PSYCHROLIB_UNITS;
  }

  // Function to check if the current system of units is SI or IP
  // The function exits in error if the system of units is undefined
  this.isIP = function() {
    if (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == this.IP)
      return true;
    else if (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == this.SI)
      return false;
    else
      throw new Error("Unit system is not defined");
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Conversion between temperature units
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Utility function to convert temperature to degree Rankine (°R)
  // given temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F).
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
  this.GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit = function (T_F) { return T_F + ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE; }       /* exact */

  // Utility function to convert temperature to degree Fahrenheit (°F)
  // given temperature in degree Rankine (°R).
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
  this.GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine = function (T_R) { return T_R - ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE; }       /* exact */

  // Utility function to convert temperature to Kelvin (K)
  // given temperature in degree Celsius (°C).
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
  this.GetTKelvinFromTCelsius = function (T_C) { return T_C + ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN; }               /* exact */

  // Utility function to convert temperature to degree Celsius (°C)
  // given temperature in Kelvin (K).
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
  this.GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin = function (T_K) { return T_K - ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN; }                /* exact */

  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Conversions between dew point, wet bulb, and relative humidity
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint = function  // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                              // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , TDewPoint                             // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                              // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio;

    if (!(TDewPoint <= TDryBulb))
      throw new Error("Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

    HumRatio = this.GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure);
    return this.GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
  }

  // Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetTWetBulbFromRelHum = function // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                          // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , RelHum                            // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
    , Pressure                          // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio;

    if (!(RelHum >= 0. && RelHum <= 1.))
      throw new Error("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]");

    HumRatio = this.GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure);
    return this.GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
  }

  // Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and dew-point temperature.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 22
  this.GetRelHumFromTDewPoint = function  // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
    ( TDryBulb                            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , TDewPoint                           // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ) {
    var VapPres, SatVapPres;

    if (!(TDewPoint <= TDryBulb))
      throw new Error("Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

    VapPres = this.GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint);
    SatVapPres = this.GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb);
    return VapPres / SatVapPres;
  }

  // Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetRelHumFromTWetBulb = function // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
    ( TDryBulb                          // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , TWetBulb                          // (i) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                          // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio;

    if (!(TWetBulb <= TDryBulb))
      throw new Error("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

    HumRatio = this.GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure);
    return this.GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
  }

  // Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetTDewPointFromRelHum = function  // (o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , RelHum                              // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
    ) {
    var VapPres;

    if (!(RelHum >= 0. && RelHum <= 1.))
      throw new Error("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]");

    VapPres = this.GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum);
    return this.GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres);
  }

  // Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb = function  // (o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                              // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , TWetBulb                              // (i) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                              // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio;

    if (!(TWetBulb <= TDryBulb))
      throw new Error("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

    HumRatio = this.GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure);
    return this.GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Conversions between dew point, or relative humidity and vapor pressure
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return partial pressure of water vapor as a function of relative humidity and temperature.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
  this.GetVapPresFromRelHum = function  // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                          // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , RelHum                            // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
    ) {

    if (!(RelHum >= 0. && RelHum <= 1.))
      throw new Error("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]");

    return RelHum * this.GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb);
  }

  // Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
  this.GetRelHumFromVapPres = function  // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
    ( TDryBulb                          // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , VapPres                           // (i) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {

    if (!(VapPres >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air is negative");

    return VapPres / this.GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb);
  }

  // Helper function returning the derivative of the natural log of the saturation vapor pressure
  // as a function of dry-bulb temperature.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 & 6
  this.dLnPws_ = function       // (o)  Derivative of natural log of vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                  // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ) {
    var dLnPws, T;

    if (this.isIP())
    {
      T = this.GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb);

      if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP)
        dLnPws = 1.0214165E+04 / pow(T, 2) - 5.3765794E-03 + 2 * 1.9202377E-07 * T
                 + 3 * 3.5575832E-10 * pow(T, 2) - 4 * 9.0344688E-14 * pow(T, 3) + 4.1635019 / T;
      else
        dLnPws = 1.0440397E+04 / pow(T, 2) - 2.7022355E-02 + 2 * 1.2890360E-05 * T
                 - 3 * 2.4780681E-09 * pow(T, 2) + 6.5459673 / T;
    }
    else
    {
      T = this.GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb);

      if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI)
        dLnPws = 5.6745359E+03 / pow(T, 2) - 9.677843E-03 + 2 * 6.2215701E-07 * T
                 + 3 * 2.0747825E-09 * pow(T, 2) - 4 * 9.484024E-13 * pow(T, 3) + 4.1635019 / T;
      else
        dLnPws = 5.8002206E+03 / pow(T, 2) - 4.8640239E-02 + 2 * 4.1764768E-05 * T
                 - 3 * 1.4452093E-08 * pow(T, 2) + 6.5459673 / T;
    }

    return dLnPws;
  }

  // Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 and 6
  // Notes: the dew point temperature is solved by inverting the equation giving water vapor pressure
  // at saturation from temperature rather than using the regressions provided
  // by ASHRAE (eqn. 37 and 38) which are much less accurate and have a
  // narrower range of validity.
  // The Newton-Raphson (NR) method is used on the logarithm of water vapour
  // pressure as a function of temperature, which is a very smooth function
  // Convergence is usually achieved in 3 to 5 iterations.
  // TDryBulb is not really needed here, just used for convenience.
  this.GetTDewPointFromVapPres = function // (o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , VapPres                             // (i) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
   // Bounds function of the system of units
  var BOUNDS              // Domain of validity of the equations

  if (this.isIP())
  {
    BOUNDS = [-148., 392.];   // Domain of validity of the equations
  }
  else
  {
    BOUNDS = [-100., 200.];   // Domain of validity of the equations
  }

  // Bounds outside which a solution cannot be found
  if (VapPres < this.GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS[0]) || VapPres > this.GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS[1]))
    throw new Error("Partial pressure of water vapor is outside range of validity of equations");

  // We use NR to approximate the solution.
  // First guess
  var TDewPoint = TDryBulb;      // Calculated value of dew point temperatures, solved for iteratively in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  var lnVP = log(VapPres);       // Natural logarithm of partial pressure of water vapor pressure in moist air

  var TDewPoint_iter;            // Value of TDewPoint used in NR calculation
  var lnVP_iter;                 // Value of log of vapor water pressure used in NR calculation
  var index = 1;
  do
  {
    // Current point
    TDewPoint_iter = TDewPoint;
    lnVP_iter = log(this.GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint_iter));

    // Derivative of function, calculated analytically
    var d_lnVP = this.dLnPws_(TDewPoint_iter);

    // New estimate, bounded by domain of validity of eqn. 5 and 6
    TDewPoint = TDewPoint_iter - (lnVP_iter - lnVP) / d_lnVP;
    TDewPoint = max(TDewPoint, BOUNDS[0]);
    TDewPoint = min(TDewPoint, BOUNDS[1]);

    if (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT)
      throw new Error("Convergence not reached in GetTDewPointFromVapPres. Stopping.");

    index++;
  }
  while (abs(TDewPoint - TDewPoint_iter) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE);
  return min(TDewPoint, TDryBulb);
  }

  // Return vapor pressure given dew point temperature.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 36
  this.GetVapPresFromTDewPoint = function // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( TDewPoint                           // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ) {
    return this.GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint);
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Conversions from wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, or relative humidity to humidity ratio
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35 solved for Tstar
  this.GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio = function // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , HumRatio                            // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure                            // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    // Declarations
    var Wstar;
    var TDewPoint, TWetBulb, TWetBulbSup, TWetBulbInf, BoundedHumRatio;
    var index = 1;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    TDewPoint = this.GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure);

    // Initial guesses
    TWetBulbSup = TDryBulb;
    TWetBulbInf = TDewPoint;
    TWetBulb = (TWetBulbInf + TWetBulbSup) / 2.;

    // Bisection loop
    while ((TWetBulbSup - TWetBulbInf) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE) {
      // Compute humidity ratio at temperature Tstar
      Wstar = this.GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure);

      // Get new bounds
      if (Wstar > BoundedHumRatio)
        TWetBulbSup = TWetBulb;
      else
        TWetBulbInf = TWetBulb;

      // New guess of wet bulb temperature
      TWetBulb = (TWetBulbSup + TWetBulbInf) / 2.;

      if (index > MAX_ITER_COUNT)
        throw new Error("Convergence not reached in GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio. Stopping.");

      index++;
    }

    return TWetBulb;
  }

  // Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35
  this.GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb = function // (o) Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , TWetBulb                            // (i) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                            // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var Wsstar;
    HumRatio = INVALID

    if (!(TWetBulb <= TDryBulb))
      throw new Error("Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature");

      Wsstar = this.GetSatHumRatio(TWetBulb, Pressure);

      if (this.isIP())
      {
        if (TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP)
          HumRatio = ((1093. - 0.556 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.240 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))
          / (1093. + 0.444 * TDryBulb - TWetBulb);
        else
          HumRatio = ((1220. - 0.04 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.240 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))
          / (1220. + 0.444 * TDryBulb - 0.48 * TWetBulb);
      }
      else
      {
        if (TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI)
          HumRatio = ((2501. - 2.326 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))
             / (2501. + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 4.186 * TWetBulb);
        else
          HumRatio = ((2830. - 0.24 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))
             / (2830. + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 2.1 * TWetBulb);
      }
      // Validity check.
      return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
    }

  // Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetHumRatioFromRelHum = function // (o) Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                          // (i) Dry bulb temperature [F]
    , RelHum                            // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
    , Pressure                          // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var VapPres;

    if (!(RelHum >= 0. && RelHum <= 1.))
      throw new Error("Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]");

    VapPres = this.GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum);
    return this.GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure);
  }

  // Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetRelHumFromHumRatio = function // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
    ( TDryBulb                          // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , HumRatio                          // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure                          // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var VapPres;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");

    VapPres = this.GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure);
    return this.GetRelHumFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres);
  }

  // Return humidity ratio given dew-point temperature and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint = function  // (o) Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDewPoint                             // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                              // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var VapPres;

    VapPres = this.GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint);
    return this.GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure);
  }

  // Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetTDewPointFromHumRatio = function  // (o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                              // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , HumRatio                              // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure                              // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var VapPres;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");

    VapPres = this.GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure);
    return this.GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres);
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Conversions between humidity ratio and vapor pressure
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return humidity ratio given water vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20
  this.GetHumRatioFromVapPres = function  // (o) Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ( VapPres                             // (i) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    , Pressure                            // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio;

    if (!(VapPres >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air is negative");

    HumRatio = 0.621945 * VapPres / (Pressure - VapPres);

    // Validity check.
    return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
  }

  // Return vapor pressure given humidity ratio and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20 solved for pw
  this.GetVapPresFromHumRatio = function  // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( HumRatio                            // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure                            // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var VapPres, BoundedHumRatio;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    VapPres = Pressure * BoundedHumRatio / (0.621945 + BoundedHumRatio);
    return VapPres;
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Conversions between humidity ratio and specific humidity
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return the specific humidity from humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio)
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b
  this.GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio = function  // (o) Specific humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ( HumRatio                                // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ) {
    var BoundedHumRatio;
    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    return BoundedHumRatio / (1.0 + BoundedHumRatio);
  }

  // Return the humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio) from specific humidity
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b (solved for humidity ratio)
  this.GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum = function  // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ( SpecificHum                             // (i) Specific humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio;

    if (!(SpecificHum >= 0.0 && SpecificHum < 1.0))
      throw new Error("Specific humidity is outside range [0, 1[");

    HumRatio = SpecificHum / (1.0 - SpecificHum);

    // Validity check
    return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Dry Air Calculations
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return dry-air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 28
  this.GetDryAirEnthalpy = function // (o) Dry air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                      // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ) {
    if (this.isIP())
      return 0.240 * TDryBulb;
    else
      return 1006. * TDryBulb;
  }

  // Return dry-air density given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  // Notes: eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
  // Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
  // The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
  this.GetDryAirDensity = function  // (o) Dry air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                      // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                      // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    if (this.isIP())
      return (144. * Pressure) / R_DA_IP / this.GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb);
    else
      return Pressure / R_DA_SI / this.GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb);
  }

  // Return dry-air volume given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.
  // Notes: eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
  // Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
  // The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
  this.GetDryAirVolume = function // (o) Dry air volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                    // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                    // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    if (this.isIP())
      return R_DA_IP * this.GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) / (144. * Pressure);
    else
      return R_DA_SI * this.GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) / Pressure;
  }

  // Return dry bulb temperature from enthalpy and humidity ratio.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30.
  // Notes: based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for temperature.
  this.GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio = function   // (o) Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( MoistAirEnthalpy                                 // (i) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
    , HumRatio                                         // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ) {
    var BoundedHumRatio;
    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    if (this.isIP())
      return (MoistAirEnthalpy - 1061.0 * BoundedHumRatio) / (0.240 + 0.444 * BoundedHumRatio);
    else
      return (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 2501.0 * BoundedHumRatio) / (1.006 + 1.86 * BoundedHumRatio);
    }

  // Return humidity ratio from enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30.
  // Notes: based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for humidity ratio.
  this.GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb = function   // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻
    ( MoistAirEnthalpy                                 // (i) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
    , TDryBulb                                         // (i) Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio;
    if (this.isIP())
      HumRatio = (MoistAirEnthalpy - 0.240 * TDryBulb) / (1061.0 + 0.444 * TDryBulb);
    else
      HumRatio = (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 1.006 * TDryBulb) / (2501.0 + 1.86 * TDryBulb);

    // Validity check.
    return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
    }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Saturated Air Calculations
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return saturation vapor pressure given dry-bulb temperature.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 & 6
  // Important note: the ASHRAE formulae are defined above and below the freezing point but have
  // a discontinuity at the freezing point. This is a small inaccuracy on ASHRAE's part: the formulae
  // should be defined above and below the triple point of water (not the feezing point) in which case
  // the discontinuity vanishes. It is essential to use the triple point of water otherwise function
  // GetTDewPointFromVapPres, which inverts the present function, does not converge properly around
  // the freezing point.
  this.GetSatVapPres = function // (o) Vapor Pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                  // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ) {
    var LnPws, T;

    if (this.isIP())
    {
      if (!(TDryBulb >= -148. && TDryBulb <= 392.))
        throw new Error("Dry bulb temperature is outside range [-148, 392]");

      T = this.GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb);
      if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP)
        LnPws = (-1.0214165E+04 / T - 4.8932428 - 5.3765794E-03 * T + 1.9202377E-07 * T * T
                + 3.5575832E-10 * pow(T, 3) - 9.0344688E-14 * pow(T, 4) + 4.1635019 * log(T));
      else
        LnPws = -1.0440397E+04 / T - 1.1294650E+01 - 2.7022355E-02 * T + 1.2890360E-05 * T * T
                - 2.4780681E-09 * pow(T, 3) + 6.5459673 * log(T);
    }
    else
    {
      if (!(TDryBulb >= -100. && TDryBulb <= 200.))
        throw new Error("Dry bulb temperature is outside range [-100, 200]");

      T = this.GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb);
      if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI)
        LnPws = -5.6745359E+03 / T + 6.3925247 - 9.677843E-03 * T + 6.2215701E-07 * T * T
                + 2.0747825E-09 * pow(T, 3) - 9.484024E-13 * pow(T, 4) + 4.1635019 * log(T);
      else
        LnPws = -5.8002206E+03 / T + 1.3914993 - 4.8640239E-02 * T + 4.1764768E-05 * T * T
                - 1.4452093E-08 * pow(T, 3) + 6.5459673 * log(T);
    }

    return exp(LnPws);
  }

  // Return humidity ratio of saturated air given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36, solved for W
  this.GetSatHumRatio = function  // (o) Humidity ratio of saturated air in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                    // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                    // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var SatVaporPres, SatHumRatio;

    SatVaporPres = this.GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb);
    SatHumRatio = 0.621945 * SatVaporPres / (Pressure - SatVaporPres);

    // Validity check.
    return max(SatHumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
  }

  // Return saturated air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
  this.GetSatAirEnthalpy = function // (o) Saturated air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                      // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure                      // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    return this.GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, this.GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure));
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Moist Air Calculations
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return Vapor pressure deficit given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
  // Reference: see Oke (1987) eqn. 2.13a
  this.GetVaporPressureDeficit = function  // (o) Vapor pressure deficit in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( TDryBulb            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , HumRatio            // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure            // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var RelHum;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");

    RelHum = this.GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    return this.GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb) * (1. - RelHum);
  }

  // Return the degree of saturation (i.e humidity ratio of the air / humidity ratio of the air at saturation
  // at the same temperature and pressure) given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and atmospheric pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2009) ch. 1 eqn. 12
  // Notes: the definition is absent from the 2017 Handbook
  this.GetDegreeOfSaturation = function // (o) Degree of saturation (unitless)
    ( TDryBulb                          // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , HumRatio                          // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure                          // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var BoundedHumRatio;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    return BoundedHumRatio / this.GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure);
  }

  // Return moist air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 30
  this.GetMoistAirEnthalpy = function // (o) Moist Air Enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                        // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , HumRatio                        // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    ) {
    var BoundedHumRatio;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    if (this.isIP())
      return 0.240 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio * (1061. + 0.444 * TDryBulb);
    else
      return (1.006 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio * (2501. + 1.86 * TDryBulb)) * 1000.;
  }

  // Return moist air specific volume given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 26
  // Notes: in IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26.
  // The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
  this.GetMoistAirVolume = function // (o) Specific Volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                      // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , HumRatio                      // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure                      // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var BoundedHumRatio;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    if (this.isIP())
      return R_DA_IP * this.GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) * (1. + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / (144. * Pressure);
    else
      return R_DA_SI * this.GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) * (1. + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / Pressure;
  }

  // Return dry-bulb temperature given moist air specific volume, humidity ratio, and pressure.
  // Reference:
  // ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
  // Notes:
  // In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
  // The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
  // Based on the `GetMoistAirVolume` function, rearranged for dry-bulb temperature.
  this.GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio = function  // (o) Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( MoistAirVolume                                        // (i) Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ of dry air [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ of dry air [SI]
    , HumRatio                                              // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure                                              // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var BoundedHumRatio;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    if (this.isIP())
      return this.GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(MoistAirVolume * (144 * Pressure) / (R_DA_IP * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)));
    else
      return  this.GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(MoistAirVolume * Pressure / (R_DA_SI * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)));
  }

  // Return moist air density given humidity ratio, dry bulb temperature, and pressure.
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 11
  this.GetMoistAirDensity = function  // (o) Moist air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]
    ( TDryBulb                        // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , HumRatio                        // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
    , Pressure                        // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var BoundedHumRatio;

    if (!(HumRatio >= 0.))
      throw new Error("Humidity ratio is negative");
    BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

    return (1. + BoundedHumRatio) / this.GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure);
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Standard atmosphere
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Return standard atmosphere barometric pressure, given the elevation (altitude).
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 3
  this.GetStandardAtmPressure = function  // (o) Standard atmosphere barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( Altitude                            // (i) Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    ) {
    var Pressure;

    if (this.isIP())
      Pressure = 14.696 * pow(1. - 6.8754e-06 * Altitude, 5.2559);
    else
      Pressure = 101325.* pow(1. - 2.25577e-05 * Altitude, 5.2559);
    return Pressure;
  }

  // Return standard atmosphere temperature, given the elevation (altitude).
  // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 4
  this.GetStandardAtmTemperature = function // (o) Standard atmosphere dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ( Altitude                              // (i) Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    ) {
    var Temperature;
    if (this.isIP())
      Temperature = 59. - 0.00356620 * Altitude;
    else
      Temperature = 15. - 0.0065 * Altitude;
    return Temperature;
  }

  // Return sea level pressure given dry-bulb temperature, altitude above sea level and pressure.
  // Reference: Hess SL, Introduction to theoretical meteorology, Holt Rinehart and Winston, NY 1959,
  // ch. 6.5; Stull RB, Meteorology for scientists and engineers, 2nd edition,
  // Brooks/Cole 2000, ch. 1.
  // Notes: the standard procedure for the US is to use for TDryBulb the average
  // of the current station temperature and the station temperature from 12 hours ago.
  this.GetSeaLevelPressure = function // (o) Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( StnPressure                     // (i) Observed station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    , Altitude                        // (i) Altitude above sea level in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    , TDryBulb                        // (i) Dry bulb temperature ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
    ) {
      var TColumn, H;
      if (this.isIP())
      {
        // Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
        // of 3.6 °F/1000ft
        TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0036 * Altitude / 2.;

        // Determine the scale height
        H = 53.351 * this.GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TColumn);
      }
      else
      {
        // Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
        // of 6.5 °C/km
        TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0065 * Altitude / 2.;

        // Determine the scale height
        H = 287.055 * this.GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TColumn) / 9.807;
      }

      // Calculate the sea level pressure
      var SeaLevelPressure = StnPressure * exp(Altitude / H);
      return SeaLevelPressure;
  }

  // Return station pressure from sea level pressure
  // Reference: see 'GetSeaLevelPressure'
  // Notes: this function is just the inverse of 'GetSeaLevelPressure'.
  this.GetStationPressure = function  // (o) Station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ( SeaLevelPressure                // (i) Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    , Altitude                        // (i) Altitude above sea level in ft [IP] or m [SI]
    , TDryBulb                        // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    ) {
    return SeaLevelPressure / this.GetSeaLevelPressure(1., Altitude, TDryBulb);
  }


  /******************************************************************************************************
   * Functions to set all psychrometric values
   *****************************************************************************************************/

  // Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, dew-point temperature, relative humidity,
  // vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
  // dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
  this.CalcPsychrometricsFromTWetBulb = function
    /**
     * HumRatio            // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
     * TDewPoint           // (o) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
     * RelHum              // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
     * VapPres             // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
     * MoistAirEnthalpy    // (o) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
     * MoistAirVolume      // (o) Specific volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
     * DegreeOfSaturation  // (o) Degree of saturation [unitless]
     */
    ( TDryBulb            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , TWetBulb            // (i) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure            // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio = this.GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure);
    var TDewPoint = this.GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var RelHum = this.GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var VapPres = this.GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure);
    var MoistAirEnthalpy = this.GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio);
    var MoistAirVolume = this.GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var DegreeOfSaturation = this.GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    return [HumRatio, TDewPoint, RelHum, VapPres, MoistAirEnthalpy, MoistAirVolume, DegreeOfSaturation];
  }

  // Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity,
  // vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
  // dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
  this.CalcPsychrometricsFromTDewPoint = function
    /**
     * HumRatio            // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
     * TWetBulb            // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
     * RelHum              // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
     * VapPres             // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
     * MoistAirEnthalpy    // (o) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
     * MoistAirVolume      // (o) Specific volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
     * DegreeOfSaturation  // (o) Degree of saturation [unitless]
     */
    ( TDryBulb            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , TDewPoint           // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , Pressure            // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio = this.GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure);
    var TWetBulb = this.GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var RelHum = this.GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var VapPres = this.GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure);
    var MoistAirEnthalpy = this.GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio);
    var MoistAirVolume = this.GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var DegreeOfSaturation = this.GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    return [HumRatio, TWetBulb, RelHum, VapPres, MoistAirEnthalpy, MoistAirVolume, DegreeOfSaturation];
  }

  // Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature,
  // vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
  // dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and pressure.
  this.CalcPsychrometricsFromRelHum = function
    /**
     * HumRatio            // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
     * TWetBulb            // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
     * TDewPoint           // (o) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
     * VapPres             // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air [Psi]
     * MoistAirEnthalpy    // (o) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
     * MoistAirVolume      // (o) Specific volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
     * DegreeOfSaturation  // (o) Degree of saturation [unitless]
    */
    ( TDryBulb            // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
    , RelHum              // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
    , Pressure            // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
    ) {
    var HumRatio = this.GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure);
    var TWetBulb = this.GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var TDewPoint = this.GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var VapPres = this.GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure);
    var MoistAirEnthalpy = this.GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, HumRatio);
    var MoistAirVolume = this.GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    var DegreeOfSaturation = this.GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
    return [HumRatio, TWetBulb, TDewPoint, VapPres, MoistAirEnthalpy, MoistAirVolume, DegreeOfSaturation];
  }
}

// https://github.com/umdjs/umd
(function (root, factory) {
  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
      // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
      define([], factory);
  } else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
      // Node. Does not work with strict CommonJS, but
      // only CommonJS-like environments that support module.exports,
      // like Node.
      module.exports = factory();
  } else {
      // Browser globals (root is window)
      root.psychrolib = factory();
}
}(typeof self !== 'undefined' ? self : this, function () {
  return new Psychrometrics();
}));

C

/**
 * PsychroLib (version 2.3.0) (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib)
 * Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer for the current library implementation
 * Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals for ASHRAE equations and coefficients
 * Licensed under the MIT License.
 *
 * Module overview
 *  Contains functions for calculating thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures
 *  and standard atmosphere suitable for most engineering, physical and meteorological
 *  applications.
 *
 *  Most of the functions are an implementation of the formulae found in the
 *  2017 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, in both International System (SI),
 *  and Imperial (IP) units. Please refer to the information included in
 *  each function for their respective reference.
 *
 * Example
 *  #include "psychrolib.h"
 *  // Set the unit system, for example to SI (can be either 'SI' or 'IP')
 *  SetUnitSystem(SI);
 *  // Calculate the dew point temperature for a dry bulb temperature of 25 C and a relative humidity of 80%
 *  double TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromRelHum(25.0, 0.80);
 *  printf("%lg", TDewPoint);
 * 21.3094
 *
 * Copyright
 *  - For the current library implementation
 *     Copyright (c) 2018 D. Thevenard and D. Meyer.
 *  - For equations and coefficients published ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, Chapter 1
 *     Copyright (c) 2017 ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals (https://www.ashrae.org)
 *
 * License
 *  MIT (https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/LICENSE.txt)
 *
 * Note from the Authors
 *  We have made every effort to ensure that the code is adequate, however, we make no
 *  representation with respect to its accuracy. Use at your own risk. Should you notice
 *  an error, or if you have a suggestion, please notify us through GitHub at
 *  https://github.com/psychrometrics/psychrolib/issues.
 */

// Standard C header files
#include <float.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Header specific to this file
#include "psychrolib.h"


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Global constants
 *****************************************************************************************************/

# define ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE 459.67  // Zero degree Fahrenheit (°F) expressed as degree Rankine (°R).
                                            // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.

# define ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN 273.15      // Zero degree Celsius (°C) expressed as Kelvin (K).
                                            // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 39.

#define R_DA_IP 53.350                  // Universal gas constant for dry air (IP version) in ft∙lbf/lb_da/R.
                                        // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.

#define R_DA_SI 287.042                 // Universal gas constant for dry air (SI version) in J/kg_da/K.
                                        // Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1.

#define INVALID -99999                  // Invalid value.

#define MAX_ITER_COUNT 100              // Maximum number of iterations before exiting while loops.

#define MIN_HUM_RATIO 1e-7              // Minimum acceptable humidity ratio used/returned by any functions.
                                        // Any value above 0 or below the MIN_HUM_RATIO will be reset to this value.

#define FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP 32.0    // Freezing point of water in Fahrenheit.

#define FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI 0.0     // Freezing point of water in Celsius.

#define TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP 32.018    // Triple point of water in Fahrenheit.

#define TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI 0.01      // Triple point of water in Celsius.


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Helper functions
 *****************************************************************************************************/

#define ASSERT(condition, msg) \
  if (! (condition)) \
  { \
    Assert(msg, __FILE__, __LINE__); \
  }

// Function called if an assertion fails
// Replace this function with your own function for better error processing
void Assert
    ( char *Msg                 // (i) message to print to screen
    , char *FileName            // (i) name of file in which error occurred
    , int LineNo                // (i) number of line in which error occurred
    )
{
  printf("Assert failed in file %s at line %d:\n", FileName, LineNo);
  printf("%s\n", Msg);
  printf("Aborting program...");
  printf("\a");
  exit(1);
}

// Min and max macros (in case they are not defined)
#ifndef min
#define min(a,b)            (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b))
#endif

#ifndef max
#define max(a,b)            (((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b))
#endif

// Systems of units (IP or SI)
static enum UnitSystem PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = UNDEFINED;

// Tolerance of temperature calculations
static double PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 1.;

// Set the system of units to use (SI or IP).
// Note: this function *HAS TO BE CALLED* before the library can be used
void SetUnitSystem
  ( enum UnitSystem Units       // (i) System of units (IP or SI)
  )
{
  PSYCHROLIB_UNITS = Units;

  // Define tolerance on temperature calculations
  // The tolerance is the same in IP and SI
  if (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == IP)
    PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001 * 9. / 5.;
  else
    PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE = 0.001;
}

// Return system of units in use.
enum UnitSystem GetUnitSystem  // (o) System of units (SI or IP)
  (
  )
{
  return PSYCHROLIB_UNITS;
}

// Check whether the system in use is IP or SI.
// The function exits in error if the system of units is undefined
int isIP                    // (o) 1 if IP, 0 if SI, error otherwise
(
)
{
  if (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == IP)
    return 1;
  else if (PSYCHROLIB_UNITS == SI)
    return 0;
  else
  {
    printf("The system of units has not been defined");
    exit(1);
  }
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Conversion between temperature units
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Utility function to convert temperature to degree Rankine (°R)
// given temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F).
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
double GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(double T_F) { return T_F + ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE; }         /* exact */

// Utility function to convert temperature to degree Fahrenheit (°F)
// given temperature in degree Rankine (°R).
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
double GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(double T_R) { return T_R - ZERO_FAHRENHEIT_AS_RANKINE; }        /* exact */

// Utility function to convert temperature to Kelvin (K)
// given temperature in degree Celsius (°C).
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
double GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(double T_C) { return T_C + ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN; }                /* exact */

// Utility function to convert temperature to degree Celsius (°C)
// given temperature in Kelvin (K).
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 section 3
double GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(double T_K) { return T_K - ZERO_CELSIUS_AS_KELVIN; }                /* exact */


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Conversions between dew point, wet bulb, and relative humidity
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetTWetBulbFromTDewPoint // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double TDewPoint            // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double HumRatio;

  ASSERT (TDewPoint <= TDryBulb, "Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure);
  return GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
}

// Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetTWetBulbFromRelHum    // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double RelHum               // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double HumRatio;

  ASSERT (RelHum >= 0 && RelHum <= 1, "Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]")

  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure);
  return GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
}

// Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and dew-point temperature.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 22
double GetRelHumFromTDewPoint   // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double TDewPoint            // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  )
{
  double VapPres, SatVapPres;

  ASSERT (TDewPoint <= TDryBulb, "Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

  VapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint);
  SatVapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb);
  return VapPres/SatVapPres;
}

// Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetRelHumFromTWetBulb    // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double TWetBulb             // (i) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double HumRatio;

  ASSERT (TWetBulb <= TDryBulb, "Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure);
  return GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
}

// Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetTDewPointFromRelHum   // (o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double RelHum               // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
  )
{
  double VapPres;

  ASSERT (RelHum >= 0 && RelHum <= 1, "Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]")

  VapPres = GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum);
  return GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres);
}

// Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetTDewPointFromTWetBulb // (o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double TWetBulb             // (i) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double HumRatio;

  ASSERT (TWetBulb <= TDryBulb, "Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

  HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure);
  return GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Conversions between dew point, or relative humidity and vapor pressure
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return partial pressure of water vapor as a function of relative humidity and temperature.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
double GetVapPresFromRelHum     // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double RelHum               // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
  )
{
  ASSERT (RelHum >= 0. && RelHum <= 1., "Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]")

  return RelHum*GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb);
}

// Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 12, 22
double GetRelHumFromVapPres     // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double VapPres              // (i) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  ASSERT (VapPres >= 0., "Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air is negative")

  return VapPres/GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb);
}

// Helper function returning the derivative of the natural log of the saturation vapor pressure
// as a function of dry-bulb temperature.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 & 6
double dLnPws_        // (o) Derivative of natural log of vapor pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb   // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  )
{
  double dLnPws, T;

  if (isIP())
  {
    T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb);

    if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP)
      dLnPws = 1.0214165E+04 / pow(T, 2) - 5.3765794E-03 + 2 * 1.9202377E-07 * T
               + 3 * 3.5575832E-10 * pow(T, 2) - 4 * 9.0344688E-14 * pow(T, 3) + 4.1635019 / T;
    else
      dLnPws = 1.0440397E+04 / pow(T, 2) - 2.7022355E-02 + 2 * 1.2890360E-05 * T
               - 3 * 2.4780681E-09 * pow(T, 2) + 6.5459673 / T;
  }
  else
  {
    T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb);

    if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI)
      dLnPws = 5.6745359E+03 / pow(T, 2) - 9.677843E-03 + 2 * 6.2215701E-07 * T
               + 3 * 2.0747825E-09 * pow(T, 2) - 4 * 9.484024E-13 * pow(T, 3) + 4.1635019 / T;
    else
      dLnPws = 5.8002206E+03 / pow(T, 2) - 4.8640239E-02 + 2 * 4.1764768E-05 * T
               - 3 * 1.4452093E-08 * pow(T, 2) + 6.5459673 / T;
  }

  return dLnPws;
}

// Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature and vapor pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 and 6
// Notes: the dew point temperature is solved by inverting the equation giving water vapor pressure
// at saturation from temperature rather than using the regressions provided
// by ASHRAE (eqn. 37 and 38) which are much less accurate and have a
// narrower range of validity.
// The Newton-Raphson (NR) method is used on the logarithm of water vapour
// pressure as a function of temperature, which is a very smooth function
// Convergence is usually achieved in 3 to 5 iterations.
// TDryBulb is not really needed here, just used for convenience.
double GetTDewPointFromVapPres  // (o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double VapPres              // (i) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  // Bounds function of the system of units
  double BOUNDS[2];              // Domain of validity of the equations

  if (isIP())
  {
    BOUNDS[0] = -148.;
    BOUNDS[1] = 392.;
  }
  else
  {
    BOUNDS[0] = -100.;
    BOUNDS[1] = 200.;
  }

  // Bounds outside which a solution cannot be found
  ASSERT (VapPres >= GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS[0]) && VapPres <= GetSatVapPres(BOUNDS[1]),
          "Partial pressure of water vapor is outside range of validity of equations")

  // We use NR to approximate the solution.
  // First guess
  double TDewPoint = TDryBulb;      // Calculated value of dew point temperatures, solved for iteratively in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  double lnVP = log(VapPres);       // Natural logarithm of partial pressure of water vapor pressure in moist air

  double TDewPoint_iter;            // Value of TDewPoint used in NR calculation
  double lnVP_iter;                 // Value of log of vapor water pressure used in NR calculation
  int index = 1;

  do
  {
    TDewPoint_iter = TDewPoint; // TDewPoint used in NR calculation
    lnVP_iter = log(GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint_iter));

    // Derivative of function, calculated analytically
    double d_lnVP = dLnPws_(TDewPoint_iter);

    // New estimate, bounded by domain of validity of eqn. 5 and 6
    TDewPoint = TDewPoint_iter - (lnVP_iter - lnVP) / d_lnVP;
    TDewPoint = max(TDewPoint, BOUNDS[0]);
    TDewPoint = min(TDewPoint, BOUNDS[1]);

    ASSERT (index <= MAX_ITER_COUNT, "Convergence not reached in GetTDewPointFromVapPres. Stopping.")

    index++;
  }
  while (fabs(TDewPoint - TDewPoint_iter) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE);
  return min(TDewPoint, TDryBulb);
}

// Return vapor pressure given dew point temperature.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 36
double GetVapPresFromTDewPoint  // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double TDewPoint            // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  )
{
  return GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint);
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Conversions from wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, or relative humidity to humidity ratio
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return wet-bulb temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35 solved for Tstar
double GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio  // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  // Declarations
  double Wstar;
  double TDewPoint, TWetBulb, TWetBulbSup, TWetBulbInf, BoundedHumRatio;
  int index = 1;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure);

  // Initial guesses
  TWetBulbSup = TDryBulb;
  TWetBulbInf = TDewPoint;
  TWetBulb = (TWetBulbInf + TWetBulbSup) / 2.;

  // Bisection loop
  while ((TWetBulbSup - TWetBulbInf) > PSYCHROLIB_TOLERANCE)
  {
   // Compute humidity ratio at temperature Tstar
   Wstar = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure);

   // Get new bounds
   if (Wstar > BoundedHumRatio)
    TWetBulbSup = TWetBulb;
   else
    TWetBulbInf = TWetBulb;

   // New guess of wet bulb temperature
   TWetBulb = (TWetBulbSup+TWetBulbInf) / 2.;

   ASSERT (index <= MAX_ITER_COUNT, "Convergence not reached in GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio. Stopping.")

   index++;
  }

  return TWetBulb;
}

// Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 33 and 35
double GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb  // (o) Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double TWetBulb             // (i) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double Wsstar;
  double HumRatio = INVALID;

  ASSERT (TWetBulb <= TDryBulb, "Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

  Wsstar = GetSatHumRatio(TWetBulb, Pressure);

  if (isIP())
  {
    if (TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_IP)
      HumRatio = ((1093. - 0.556 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.240 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))
      / (1093. + 0.444 * TDryBulb - TWetBulb);
    else
      HumRatio = ((1220. - 0.04 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 0.240 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))
      / (1220. + 0.444 * TDryBulb - 0.48 * TWetBulb);
  }
  else
  {
    if (TWetBulb >= FREEZING_POINT_WATER_SI)
      HumRatio = ((2501. - 2.326 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))
         / (2501. + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 4.186 * TWetBulb);
    else
      HumRatio = ((2830. - 0.24 * TWetBulb) * Wsstar - 1.006 * (TDryBulb - TWetBulb))
         / (2830. + 1.86 * TDryBulb - 2.1 * TWetBulb);
  }
  // Validity check.
  return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
}

// Return humidity ratio given dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetHumRatioFromRelHum    // (o) Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double RelHum               // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double VapPres;

  ASSERT (RelHum >= 0. && RelHum <= 1., "Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]")

  VapPres = GetVapPresFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum);
  return GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure);
}

// Return relative humidity given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetRelHumFromHumRatio    // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double VapPres;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")

  VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure);
  return GetRelHumFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres);
}

// Return humidity ratio given dew-point temperature and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint // (o) Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDewPoint            // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double VapPres;

  VapPres = GetSatVapPres(TDewPoint);
  return GetHumRatioFromVapPres(VapPres, Pressure);
}

// Return dew-point temperature given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetTDewPointFromHumRatio // (o) Dew Point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double VapPres;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")

  VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(HumRatio, Pressure);
  return GetTDewPointFromVapPres(TDryBulb, VapPres);
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Conversions between humidity ratio and vapor pressure
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return humidity ratio given water vapor pressure and atmospheric pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20
double GetHumRatioFromVapPres   // (o) Humidity Ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double VapPres              // (i) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double HumRatio;

  ASSERT (VapPres >= 0., "Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air is negative")

  HumRatio = 0.621945 * VapPres / (Pressure - VapPres);

  // Validity check.
  return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
}

// Return vapor pressure given humidity ratio and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 20 solved for pw
double GetVapPresFromHumRatio   // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double VapPres, BoundedHumRatio;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  VapPres = Pressure * BoundedHumRatio / (0.621945 + BoundedHumRatio);
  return VapPres;
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Conversions between humidity ratio and specific humidity
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return the specific humidity from humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio)
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b
double GetSpecificHumFromHumRatio // (o) Specific humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double HumRatio               // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  )
{
  double BoundedHumRatio;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  return BoundedHumRatio / (1.0 + BoundedHumRatio);
}

// Return the humidity ratio (aka mixing ratio) from specific humidity
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 9b (solved for humidity ratio)
double GetHumRatioFromSpecificHum // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Dry_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Dry_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double SpecificHum            // (i) Specific humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  )
{
  double HumRatio;

  ASSERT (SpecificHum >= 0.0 && SpecificHum < 1.0, "Specific humidity is outside range [0,1[")

  HumRatio = SpecificHum / (1.0 - SpecificHum);

  // Validity check
  return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Dry Air Calculations
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return dry-air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 28
double GetDryAirEnthalpy        // (o) Dry air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  )
{
  if (isIP())
    return 0.240 * TDryBulb;
  else
    return 1006 * TDryBulb;
}

// Return dry-air density given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
// Notes: eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
// Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
// The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
double GetDryAirDensity         // (o) Dry air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  if (isIP())
    return (144. * Pressure) / R_DA_IP / GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb);
  else
    return Pressure / R_DA_SI / GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb);
}

// Return dry-air volume given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
// Notes: eqn 14 for the perfect gas relationship for dry air.
// Eqn 1 for the universal gas constant.
// The factor 144 in IP is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
double GetDryAirVolume          // (o) Dry air volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  if (isIP())
    return R_DA_IP * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) / (144. * Pressure);
  else
    return R_DA_SI * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) / Pressure;
}

// Return dry bulb temperature from enthalpy and humidity ratio.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30.
// Notes: based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for temperature.
double GetTDryBulbFromEnthalpyAndHumRatio  // (o) Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double MoistAirEnthalpy                // (i) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
  , double HumRatio                        // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  )
{
  double BoundedHumRatio;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  if (isIP())
    return (MoistAirEnthalpy - 1061.0 * BoundedHumRatio) / (0.240 + 0.444 * BoundedHumRatio);
  else
    return (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 2501.0 * BoundedHumRatio) / (1.006 + 1.86 * BoundedHumRatio);
}

// Return humidity ratio from enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 30.
// Notes: based on the `GetMoistAirEnthalpy` function, rearranged for humidity ratio.
double GetHumRatioFromEnthalpyAndTDryBulb  // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double MoistAirEnthalpy                // (i) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹
  , double TDryBulb                        // (i) Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  )
{
  double HumRatio;
  if (isIP())
    HumRatio = (MoistAirEnthalpy - 0.240 * TDryBulb) / (1061.0 + 0.444 * TDryBulb);
  else
    HumRatio = (MoistAirEnthalpy / 1000.0 - 1.006 * TDryBulb) / (2501.0 + 1.86 * TDryBulb);

  // Validity check.
  return max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Saturated Air Calculations
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return saturation vapor pressure given dry-bulb temperature.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 5 & 6
// Important note: the ASHRAE formulae are defined above and below the freezing point but have
// a discontinuity at the freezing point. This is a small inaccuracy on ASHRAE's part: the formulae
// should be defined above and below the triple point of water (not the feezing point) in which case
// the discontinuity vanishes. It is essential to use the triple point of water otherwise function
// GetTDewPointFromVapPres, which inverts the present function, does not converge properly around
// the freezing point.
double GetSatVapPres            // (o) Vapor Pressure of saturated air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  )
{
  double LnPws, T;

  if (isIP())
  {
    ASSERT(TDryBulb >= -148. && TDryBulb <= 392., "Dry bulb temperature is outside range [-148, 392]")

    T = GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb);

    if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_IP)
      LnPws = (-1.0214165E+04 / T - 4.8932428 - 5.3765794E-03 * T + 1.9202377E-07 * T * T
        + 3.5575832E-10 * pow(T, 3) - 9.0344688E-14 * pow(T, 4) + 4.1635019 * log(T));
    else
      LnPws = -1.0440397E+04 / T - 1.1294650E+01 - 2.7022355E-02 * T + 1.2890360E-05 * T * T
      - 2.4780681E-09 * pow(T, 3) + 6.5459673 * log(T);
  }
  else
  {
    ASSERT(TDryBulb >= -100. && TDryBulb <= 200., "Dry bulb temperature is outside range [-100, 200]")

    T = GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb);

    if (TDryBulb <= TRIPLE_POINT_WATER_SI)
      LnPws = -5.6745359E+03 / T + 6.3925247 - 9.677843E-03 * T + 6.2215701E-07 * T * T
          + 2.0747825E-09 * pow(T, 3) - 9.484024E-13 * pow(T, 4) + 4.1635019 * log(T);
    else
      LnPws = -5.8002206E+03 / T + 1.3914993 - 4.8640239E-02 * T + 4.1764768E-05 * T * T
        - 1.4452093E-08 * pow(T, 3) + 6.5459673 * log(T);
  }

  return exp(LnPws);
}

// Return humidity ratio of saturated air given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 36, solved for W
double GetSatHumRatio           // (o) Humidity ratio of saturated air in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double SatVaporPres, SatHumRatio;

  SatVaporPres = GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb);
  SatHumRatio = 0.621945 * SatVaporPres / (Pressure - SatVaporPres);

  // Validity check.
  return max(SatHumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);
}

// Return saturated air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1
double GetSatAirEnthalpy        // (o) Saturated air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  return GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure));
}

/******************************************************************************************************
 * Moist Air Calculations
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return Vapor pressure deficit given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
// Reference: see Oke (1987) eqn. 2.13a
double GetVaporPressureDeficit  // (o) Vapor pressure deficit in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double RelHum;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")

  RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, HumRatio, Pressure);
  return GetSatVapPres(TDryBulb) * (1. - RelHum);
}

// Return the degree of saturation (i.e humidity ratio of the air / humidity ratio of the air at saturation
// at the same temperature and pressure) given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and atmospheric pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2009) ch. 1 eqn. 12
// Notes: the definition is absent from the 2017 Handbook
double GetDegreeOfSaturation    // (o) Degree of saturation []
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double BoundedHumRatio;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  return BoundedHumRatio / GetSatHumRatio(TDryBulb, Pressure);
}

// Return moist air enthalpy given dry-bulb temperature and humidity ratio.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 30
double GetMoistAirEnthalpy      // (o) Moist Air Enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  )
{
  double BoundedHumRatio;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  if (isIP())
    return 0.240 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio*(1061. + 0.444 * TDryBulb);
  else
    return (1.006 * TDryBulb + BoundedHumRatio*(2501. + 1.86 * TDryBulb)) * 1000.;
}

// Return moist air specific volume given dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 26
// Notes: in IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26.
// The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
double GetMoistAirVolume        // (o) Specific Volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double BoundedHumRatio;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  if (isIP())
    return R_DA_IP * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TDryBulb) * (1. + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / (144. * Pressure);
  else
    return R_DA_SI * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TDryBulb) * (1. + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio) / Pressure;
}

// Return dry-bulb temperature given moist air specific volume, humidity ratio, and pressure.
// Reference:
// ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 26
// Notes:
// In IP units, R_DA_IP / 144 equals 0.370486 which is the coefficient appearing in eqn 26
// The factor 144 is for the conversion of Psi = lb in⁻² to lb ft⁻².
// Based on the `GetMoistAirVolume` function, rearranged for dry-bulb temperature.
double GetTDryBulbFromMoistAirVolumeAndHumRatio   // (o) Dry-bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double MoistAirVolume                         // (i) Specific volume of moist air in ft³ lb⁻¹ of dry air [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ of dry air [SI]
  , double HumRatio                               // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure                               // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double BoundedHumRatio;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  if (isIP())
    return GetTFahrenheitFromTRankine(MoistAirVolume * (144 * Pressure) / (R_DA_IP * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)));
  else
    return  GetTCelsiusFromTKelvin(MoistAirVolume * Pressure / (R_DA_SI * (1 + 1.607858 * BoundedHumRatio)));
}

// Return moist air density given humidity ratio, dry bulb temperature, and pressure.
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn. 11
double GetMoistAirDensity       // (o) Moist air density in lb ft⁻³ [IP] or kg m⁻³ [SI]
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double HumRatio             // (i) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  )
{
  double BoundedHumRatio;

  ASSERT (HumRatio >= 0., "Humidity ratio is negative")
  BoundedHumRatio = max(HumRatio, MIN_HUM_RATIO);

  return (1. + BoundedHumRatio) / GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, BoundedHumRatio, Pressure);
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Standard atmosphere
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Return standard atmosphere barometric pressure, given the elevation (altitude).
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 3
double GetStandardAtmPressure   // (o) Standard atmosphere barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double Altitude             // (i) Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
  )
{
  double Pressure;
  if (isIP())
    Pressure = 14.696 * pow(1. - 6.8754e-06 * Altitude, 5.2559);
  else
    Pressure = 101325. * pow(1. - 2.25577e-05 * Altitude, 5.2559);
  return Pressure;
}

// Return standard atmosphere temperature, given the elevation (altitude).
// Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (2017) ch. 1 eqn 4
double GetStandardAtmTemperature // (o) Standard atmosphere dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  ( double Altitude              // (i) Altitude in ft [IP] or m [SI]
  )
 {
  double Temperature;
  if (isIP())
    Temperature = 59. - 0.00356620 * Altitude;
  else
    Temperature = 15. - 0.0065 * Altitude;
  return Temperature;
}

// Return sea level pressure given dry-bulb temperature, altitude above sea level and pressure.
// Reference: Hess SL, Introduction to theoretical meteorology, Holt Rinehart and Winston, NY 1959,
// ch. 6.5; Stull RB, Meteorology for scientists and engineers, 2nd edition,
// Brooks/Cole 2000, ch. 1.
// Notes: the standard procedure for the US is to use for TDryBulb the average
// of the current station temperature and the station temperature from 12 hours ago.
double GetSeaLevelPressure   // (o) Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double StnPressure       // (i) Observed station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double Altitude          // (i) Altitude above sea level in ft [IP] or m [SI]
  , double TDryBulb          // (i) Dry bulb temperature ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
  )
{
  double TColumn, H;
  if (isIP())
  {
    // Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
    // of 3.6 °F/1000ft
    TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0036 * Altitude / 2.;

    // Determine the scale height
    H = 53.351 * GetTRankineFromTFahrenheit(TColumn);
  }
  else
  {
    // Calculate average temperature in column of air, assuming a lapse rate
    // of 6.5 °C/km
    TColumn = TDryBulb + 0.0065 * Altitude / 2.;

    // Determine the scale height
    H = 287.055 * GetTKelvinFromTCelsius(TColumn) / 9.807;
  }

  // Calculate the sea level pressure
  double SeaLevelPressure = StnPressure * exp(Altitude / H);
  return SeaLevelPressure;
}

// Return station pressure from sea level pressure
// Reference: see 'GetSeaLevelPressure'
// Notes: this function is just the inverse of 'GetSeaLevelPressure'.
double GetStationPressure    // (o) Station pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  ( double SeaLevelPressure  // (i) Sea level barometric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double Altitude          // (i) Altitude above sea level in ft [IP] or m [SI]
  , double TDryBulb          // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  )
{
  return SeaLevelPressure / GetSeaLevelPressure(1., Altitude, TDryBulb);
}


/******************************************************************************************************
 * Functions to set all psychrometric values
 *****************************************************************************************************/

// Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, dew-point temperature, relative humidity,
// vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
// dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and pressure.
void CalcPsychrometricsFromTWetBulb
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double TWetBulb             // (i) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double *HumRatio            // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *TDewPoint           // (o) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double *RelHum              // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
  , double *VapPres             // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double *MoistAirEnthalpy    // (o) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *MoistAirVolume      // (o) Specific volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *DegreeOfSaturation  // (o) Degree of saturation [unitless]
)
{
  ASSERT(TWetBulb <= TDryBulb, "Wet bulb temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

  *HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTWetBulb(TDryBulb, TWetBulb, Pressure);
  *TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(*HumRatio, Pressure);
  *MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, *HumRatio);
  *MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
}

// Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, relative humidity,
// vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
// dry-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature, and pressure.
void CalcPsychrometricsFromTDewPoint
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double TDewPoint            // (i) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double *HumRatio            // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *TWetBulb            // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double *RelHum              // (o) Relative humidity [0-1]
  , double *VapPres             // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double *MoistAirEnthalpy    // (o) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *MoistAirVolume      // (o) Specific volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *DegreeOfSaturation  // (o) Degree of saturation [unitless]
)
{
  ASSERT(TDewPoint <= TDryBulb, "Dew point temperature is above dry bulb temperature")

  *HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromTDewPoint(TDewPoint, Pressure);
  *TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *RelHum = GetRelHumFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(*HumRatio, Pressure);
  *MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, *HumRatio);
  *MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
}

// Utility function to calculate humidity ratio, wet-bulb temperature, dew-point temperature,
// vapour pressure, moist air enthalpy, moist air volume, and degree of saturation of air given
// dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and pressure.
void CalcPsychrometricsFromRelHum
  ( double TDryBulb             // (i) Dry bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double RelHum               // (i) Relative humidity [0-1]
  , double Pressure             // (i) Atmospheric pressure in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double *HumRatio            // (o) Humidity ratio in lb_H₂O lb_Air⁻¹ [IP] or kg_H₂O kg_Air⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *TWetBulb            // (o) Wet bulb temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double *TDewPoint           // (o) Dew point temperature in °F [IP] or °C [SI]
  , double *VapPres             // (o) Partial pressure of water vapor in moist air in Psi [IP] or Pa [SI]
  , double *MoistAirEnthalpy    // (o) Moist air enthalpy in Btu lb⁻¹ [IP] or J kg⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *MoistAirVolume      // (o) Specific volume ft³ lb⁻¹ [IP] or in m³ kg⁻¹ [SI]
  , double *DegreeOfSaturation  // (o) Degree of saturation [unitless]
)
{
  ASSERT(RelHum >= 0 && RelHum <= 1, "Relative humidity is outside range [0,1]")

  *HumRatio = GetHumRatioFromRelHum(TDryBulb, RelHum, Pressure);
  *TWetBulb = GetTWetBulbFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *TDewPoint = GetTDewPointFromHumRatio(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *VapPres = GetVapPresFromHumRatio(*HumRatio, Pressure);
  *MoistAirEnthalpy = GetMoistAirEnthalpy(TDryBulb, *HumRatio);
  *MoistAirVolume = GetMoistAirVolume(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
  *DegreeOfSaturation = GetDegreeOfSaturation(TDryBulb, *HumRatio, Pressure);
}

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What are psychrometric properties of air, and why are they important in HVAC and meteorology?

Psychrometric properties of air refer to the physical and thermodynamic properties of moist air, such as dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, humidity ratio, and enthalpy. These properties are critical in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and meteorology because they affect the performance and design of HVAC systems, as well as weather forecasting and climate modeling. Accurate estimation of psychrometric properties is essential to ensure efficient and effective system operation, as well as to predict weather patterns and climate phenomena.

What are some common challenges in implementing psychrometric formulas in computer programs or spreadsheets?

Implementing psychrometric formulas in computer programs or spreadsheets can be challenging and time-consuming due to the complexity of the equations involved. Some common challenges include ensuring accuracy and precision, handling unit conversions, and dealing with iterative calculations. Additionally, implementing these formulas requires a deep understanding of the underlying thermodynamic principles and mathematical concepts, which can be a barrier for many engineers and researchers.

What programming languages are supported by PsychroLib, and how can I access the library?

PsychroLib supports a range of programming languages, including Python, C, C#, Fortran, JavaScript, and VBA/Excel. The library is designed to be easily accessible and can be downloaded from the PsychroLib website. Once downloaded, users can integrate the library into their preferred programming environment and start using the psychrometric functions to calculate thermodynamic properties of air.

How does PsychroLib simplify the process of calculating psychrometric properties of air?

PsychroLib simplifies the process of calculating psychrometric properties of air by providing a comprehensive library of functions that can be easily integrated into computer programs or spreadsheets. This eliminates the need for users to implement complex formulas and equations from scratch, saving time and reducing the risk of errors. The library also provides a consistent and accurate way of calculating psychrometric properties, ensuring that results are reliable and trustworthy.

Can PsychroLib be used for research and development purposes, or is it primarily intended for practical applications?

PsychroLib can be used for both research and development purposes, as well as practical applications. The library provides a robust and accurate way of calculating psychrometric properties of air, making it an ideal tool for researchers and developers working on HVAC and meteorology-related projects. At the same time, the library is also suitable for practical applications, such as designing and optimizing HVAC systems, and analyzing weather patterns and climate phenomena.