डायरेक्ट-टू-चिप लिक्विड कूलिंग: उच्च-घनत्व डेटा सेंटर थर्मल प्रबंधन का भविष्य

AI-driven power densities have exploded from 4 kW to 30+ kW per rack, pushing traditional air cooling past its limits. This guide breaks down single-phase and two-phase direct-to-chip cooling architectures, compares low-GWP refrigerant options like R-1233zd(E) and R-1336mzz(Z) against safety and pressure trade-offs, and covers the hose, tubing, and quick-disconnect design choices engineers need to specify reliable, sustainable thermal management for high-density GPU and CPU clusters.