Fundamentals & Engineering
Direct-to-Chip Liquid Cooling: The Future of High-Density Data Center Thermal Management
Data center power densities have surged to 12-30 kW per rack, making liquid cooling essential. Learn how single-phase and two-phase direct-to-chip systems work, refrigerant selection criteria, and critical design considerations for hoses, tubing, and couplings in modern high-density data centers.
Ductwork Air Flow Balancing
Balancing air systems (ductwork) may be accomplished in various ways. The most common method to accomplish ductwork balancing is Proportional Method. Each diffuser is adjusted to supply the right percentage of total air volume in the ductwork.
Valve Characteristics
Why do we need to be aware of the valve characteristics? Every component in a hydronic system has some level of influence on the control and performance of a hydronic system. Valves are key because they are the controlling devices at the critical areas of heat transfer.
Major Hvac Systems and Equipment
A comprehensive list of all the major HVAC system types and related equipment
Copeland Refrigeration Manuals Download
This is a five series of publications comprising the Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. Refrigeration Manual. Although each separate part covers a specific area of refrigeration theory and practice, each successive publication presumes a basic understanding of the material presented in the previous sections.
Ice Storage Systems
Thermal energy storage (TES) involves adding heat (thermal) energy to a storage medium, and then removing it from that medium for use at some other time. This may involve storing thermal energy at high temperatures (heat storage) or at low temperatures (cool storage).
Refrigerant Piping Requirements
This guide focuses on systems that use Refrigerant-22 (R-22). While the general requirements are the same for systems that use other refrigerants, velocities and pressure drops will differ.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Method
The life-cycle cost analysis method is the most commonly accepted method to assess the economic benefits of energy conservation projects over their lifetime. Typically, the method is used to evaluate at least two alternatives of a given project (for instance, evaluate two alternatives for the installation of a new HVAC system: a VAV system or a heat pump system to condition the building). Only one alternative will be selected for implementation based on the economic analysis.
Standards & Compliance
HVAC Load Estimation: Internal Heat Gain from Infrastructure Components (Pipes, Ducts, Tanks, AC Motors)
Complete guide to internal heat gain from HVAC infrastructure components including pipes, ducts, tanks, and motors using Carrier standards for accurate load estimation and system design.
HVAC Load Estimation: Internal Heat Gain from Equipment and Appliances
Complete guide to internal heat gain from equipment and appliances in HVAC load estimation using ASHRAE, CIBSE, and Carrier standards for accurate system sizing and equipment integration.
HVAC Load Estimation: Internal Heat Gain from Lighting
Complete guide to internal heat gain from lighting systems in HVAC load estimation using ASHRAE, CIBSE, and Carrier standards for accurate system sizing and lighting-HVAC integration.
HVAC Load Estimation: Glazing U-Values and Shading Coefficient (SC) Values
Complete guide to glazing U-values and shading coefficients for HVAC load estimation using ASHRAE, CIBSE, and Carrier standards for accurate fenestration thermal and solar analysis.
HVAC Load Estimation: Construction U-Values for Walls, Roofs, and Partitions
Complete guide to construction U-values for walls, roofs, and partitions in HVAC load estimation using ASHRAE, CIBSE, and Carrier standards for accurate thermal analysis.
HVAC Psychrometric Processes: Charts, Calculations, and Air Treatment Applications
Complete guide to psychrometric processes in HVAC design covering sensible/latent cooling, heating, humidification, dehumidification, and evaporative cooling using ASHRAE and CIBSE standards.
HVAC Cooling and Heating Load Estimation: Outdoor Conditions and Climate Data
Comprehensive guide to outdoor climate data for HVAC load estimation using ASHRAE, CIBSE, and Carrier standards. Essential weather parameters for accurate system sizing and energy analysis.
HVAC System Selection and Design Strategy: Professional Standards and Guidelines
Comprehensive guide to HVAC system selection and design strategy using ASHRAE, SMACNA, and Carrier standards. Learn professional methodologies for optimal system selection and performance optimization.
HVAC Design Equations: Air, Fan, Pump, and Hydronic System Calculations
Comprehensive guide to essential HVAC design equations covering air, fan, pump, and hydronic system calculations. Reference standards from SMACNA, ASHRAE, and Carrier for professional engineering applications.
Digital Tools & Resources
Psychrometric Programming Functions
ibrary of psychrometric functions to calculate thermodynamic properties of air for Python, C, C#, Fortran, JavaScript and VBA/Excel
Carrier Hap Software
Carrier’s Hourly Analysis Program is two powerful tools in one package – versatile features for designing HVAC systems for commercial buildings AND powerful energy analysis capabilities for comparing energy consumption and operating costs of design alternatives.
Trace 700 Software
TRACE 700 enables building designers to optimize the building, system and equipment designs on the basis of energy utilization and life-cycle cost. The Trane software for TRACE 700 facilitates analysis of the energy and economic effects of virtually any chiller plant configuration by allowing users to manipulate a wide range of variables and create a profile of their specific building.
Download EVAP-COND 5.0: The Ultimate Heat Exchanger Simulation Tool for HVAC Engineers
Whether you’re designing a new heat exchanger, optimizing an existing system, or researching alternative refrigerants, EVAP-COND provides the detailed analysis capabilities needed to make informed decisions. I encourage all HVAC engineers and researchers to explore this powerful simulation tool and experience firsthand how it can transform your approach to heat exchanger design.
Heat Transfer Textbook Download
The book is meant for juniors, seniors, and first-year graduate students. And to those who choose to learn the subject on their own, and to practicing engineers who use it as a reference. Whether one studies alone or with a class, learning means posing, then answering, one’s own questions.