Data, Tables, Tools, Guides
Water tube boilers and fire tube boilers are two different types of steam boilers that are commonly used in industrial and commercial applications. Both types of boilers use a system of tubes to generate steam, but they differ in the way that the tubes are arranged and the way that the hot gases from the burner pass through the tubes.
Under unfavorable circumstances, damage due to water hammer may occur in pipelines measuring more than one hundred meters and conveying only several tenths of a liter per second. But even very short, unsupported pipelines in pumping stations can be damaged by resonant vibrations if they are not properly anchored. By contrast, the phenomenon is not very common in building services systems, e.g. in heating and drinking water supply pipelines, which typically are short in length and have a small cross-section.
With HVACR work being in such high demand, it’s important to stand out from the crowd when applying for a job. A great way to do that is with a quality resume and cover letter. Since these two documents are often the first things that a potential employer sees about you, catching their attention is critical. With that in mind, here are some tips to build the best resume possible.
Coolselector®2 (from Danfoss company) helps to optimize energy consumption and increase efficiency in any HVACR system. Run unbiased calculations based on a set of operating conditions — such as cooling capacity, refrigerant, evaporation, and condensation temperature — and then select the best components for your design.
The expansion valve regulates the amount of compressed liquid refrigerant moving into the evaporator. It removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to allow expansion or change of state from a liquid to a gas in the evaporator.
In order to properly select Expansion Valves one should pay attention to the items that we mention in this post.
Corrosion is usually referred to as the degradation of the metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment, see figure 1. When considered broadly, corrosion may be looked upon as the tendency of the metal to revert to its natural state similar to the oxide from which it was originally melted. Only precious metals, such as gold and platinum are found in nature in their metallic state.
– Types of corrosion
– Uniform corrosion
– Pitting corrosion
– Crevice corrosion
– Intergranular corrosion
– Selective corrosion
– Erosion corrosion
– Cavitation corrosion
– Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
– Corrosion fatigue
– Galvanic corrosion
Long-coupled pumps are pumps with a flexible coupling that connects the pump and the motor. This kind of coupling is available either as a basic coupling or as a spacer coupling. If the pump is connected to the motor by a basic coupling, it is necessary to dismount the motor when the pump needs service. Therefore, it is necessary to align the pump upon mounting.
Stage pumps are an essential component of many industrial and commercial operations. They are designed to efficiently move water, oil, and other liquids from one place to another. Stage pumps are highly reliable, robust, and can be used in a wide variety of applications. They are also cost-effective, energy-efficient, and easy to maintain, making them a popular choice for businesses looking for a reliable and efficient pumping solution.
In HVAC/R & Solar systems, single-stage pumps are used for cooling tower water circulation, make-up water to water systems, and glycol-water mixture circulation. These pumps can also be used to control the water level in tanks and basins. With proper selection and sizing, single-stage pumps are reliable, cost-effective solutions for many HVAC/R & Solar applications. Single-stage pumps have a simple construction and are easy to operate and maintain, making them a great choice for many HVAC/R & Solar professionals.
In the continuation of the investigation of the building and types of pumps, this post. The centrifugal pump has several characteristics and in this section, we will present the most important ones. Later on in this part we will give a more thorough description of the different pump types.
In 1689 the physicist Denis Papin invented the centrifugal pump and today this kind of pump is the most used around the world. The centrifugal pump is built on a simple principle: Liquid is led to the impeller hub and by means of the centrifugal force it is flung towards the periphery of the impellers. The construction is fairly inexpensive, robust and simple and its high speed makes it possible to connect the pump directly to an asynchronous motor.
Chilled water is circulated by the chilled water or primary pump through both chillers to the load and back to the chillers. The chilled water loop can
be either constant flow or variable flow. Variable flow systems increase the complexity but offer significant pump work savings. They also resolve the issue about chiller sequencing that occurs with parallel chillers, constant flow.
To provide some redundancy in the HVAC design, most designers will require two or more chillers. Multiple chillers also offer the opportunity to improve on overall system part load performance and
reduce energy consumption. Parallel chiller plants are straightforward to design and are easily
modified for variable primary flow.
Selection of quieter equipment can eliminate many noise problems before they even begin. Treatment options along the path are the next best option and can include silencers, barriers, absorption, lagging, or other options. The last resort is typically treatment at the receiver, with hearing protection for loud occupational exposure.
Carrier’s PLV Pro is a software tool that empowers consulting engineers to make objective and informed decisions about their chiller plant design that go beyond Full Load and IPLV metrics. Results are provided in a professional report or .csv format for further analysis. The tool is for professionals who need a quick and free-of-charge alternative to detailed energy modeling analyses.
Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems are the most widely used types of HVAC air systems for medium- and large-sized commercial building projects (projects larger than 10,000 ft2) because VAV systems are flexible, energy efficient, and provide a comfortable indoor environment. VAV systems deliver variable supply airflow at a constant temperature (typically 55°F) through the primary air duct to multiple VAV terminal units, each of which serves a separate temperature zone. Each VAV terminal unit contains a motor-operated damper that modulates the primary airflow to the zone, an inlet airflow sensor, and, in some instances, a heating coil and a small recirculating air fan.
HVAC air systems can be either centralized or decentralized. Centralized air systems receive their cooling and heating energy from a remote central plant. Decentralized HVAC air systems contain the central heating and cooling plant equipment within the air system itself. HVAC air systems can also be constant air volume (CAV) or variable air volume (VAV). CAV systems deliver constant supply airflow at a variable temperature. VAV systems deliver variable supply airflow at a constant temperature. CAV and VAV air systems can be further subdivided into systems that condition a single temperature zone and systems that condition multiple temperature zones.
Free cooling systems can generate significant savings for the owners of such systems. However, the amount of potential energy savings available depends almost totally on the overall system design and on the selection of equipment for use in the system. In general, the designer must balance higher equipment cost with greater opportunity for energy savings. Fortunately, these savings — and their associated costs —are reasonably quantifiable so that designers can make intelligent choices guided by reliable information. This article will describe Capacity Control Methods in free cooling design schemes.
Cooling towers are used to dissipate heat from air conditioning or industrial process systems. Many of the air conditioning systems currently in use only operate during the summer cooling season, but there are numerous air conditioning and process systems that require cooling year-round. In some cases, the entire cooling system is required to operate during the winter. The cooling tower is required to provide the same 85° F (30° C) or colder water to the system as it does in the summer, but it does so at lower ambient temperatures. However, there are some applications designed to use the cooling tower for “free cooling”. Free cooling is when chilled water is cooled by cooling tower water through the use of heat exchangers without the use of refrigerant compressors. Free cooling can be accomplished when ambient conditions allow the cooling tower to produce “chilled water” for the system.
Stainless steel provides its superior corrosion resistance by developing a surface film of chromium oxide during the manufacturing process. In order to ensure maximum corrosion protection, stainless steel must be kept clean and have an adequate supply of oxygen to combine with the chromium in the stainless steel to form “chromium-oxide”, a protective passivation layer. Stainless steel is the most cost effective material of construction available to extend the life of a cooling tower, closed circuit cooler or evaporative condenser in HVAC-R industry.
CARRIER Autodesk® REVIT® 3D Templates:
– Airside
– Chillers
– Ductless Systems
– Packaged Indoor
– Packaged Outdoor
– Split Systems
– Variable Refrigerant Flow
This article is a continuation of our older article, which was well received by users, so we decided to update the P-H Diagram list and provide you with a more complete list of the world’s commercial refrigerants.
You can easily access the high quality refrigerant chart by clicking on the refrigerants listed in the table.
The application compares different systems based on a geographical location. Pack Calculation Pro is designed to compare different system designs, control strategies and refrigerants for your refrigeration or heat pump project, by calculating yearly energy consumption, as well as Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI).
– Cycle analysis (process design) – comparison of one stage direct expansion cycle and one stage flooded cycle.
– System sizing – calculation of component sizes from general criteria.
– System simulation – calculating operating conditions in a system with known components.
Component calculations – calculation of – components efficiencies and outlet conditions.
– Evaluation of operation – evaluation of system efficiency.
– Process investigation – e.g. moist air calculations.
– Cycle analysis (process design)
– System sizing
– System simulation
– Component calculations
– Analysis of operating conditions
– Transient simulation (cooling of an object/room)
– Refrigerant calculations (property plots, thermodynamic & transport properties, comparison of refrigerants)
– Life cycle cost (LCC)
A variety of liquids could be considered for Data Center applications.
When liquids are employed within separate cooling loops that do not communicate thermally, the system is considered to be air cooling. The most obvious illustration covers the chilled-water CRACs that are usually deployed at the periphery of many of today’s data centers. At the other end of the scale, the use of heat pipes or pumped loops inside a computer, wherein the liquid remains inside a closed loop within the server, also qualifies as air-cooled electronics, provided the heat is removed from the internal closed loop via airflow through the electronic equipment chassis.
Good piping design results in a balance between the initial cost, pressure drop, and system reliability. The initial cost is impacted by the diameter and layout of the piping. The pressure drop in the piping must be minimized to avoid adversely affecting performance and capacity. Because almost all field-piped systems have compressor oil passing through the refrigeration circuit and back to the compressor, a minimum velocity must be maintained in the piping so that sufficient oil is returned to the compressor sump at full and part load conditions.
Several HVAC systems require field refrigeration piping to be designed and installed on-site. Examples include Condensing units, Direct expansion (DX) coil in air handlers, Remote evaporators with air-cooled chillers and Chiller with a remote air-cooled condensers. This Guide covers R-22, R-407C, R-410A, and R-134a used in commercial air conditioning systems.
A 4-pipe heating and cooling plant contains both central heating and cooling equipment and is capable of delivering heating water and chilled water to the building simultaneously through four pipes (one heating water supply, one heating water return, one chilled water supply, and one chilled water return). Heating and cooling equipment within the building that is connected to a 4-pipe system will have four pipe connections, unless the equipment provides either heating only or cooling only. In this case, the equipment would have only two pipe connections.
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Airconditioning) component start-up procedures describe how to start the operation of each component. They specify the methods to be used and the checks that are needed. Start-ups and related measurements are carried out by the contractor. Commissioning provider assists the contractor in the beginning of each start-up process and reviews that no systematic errors are made.
– What is Primary-Secondary Pumping?
– PRIMARY-SECONDARY BASICS.
– PRIMARY-SECONDARY RULES, DEFINITIONS.
WHEN TWO PIPING CIRCUITS ARE INTER-CONNECTED, FLOW IN ONE WILL CAUSE FLOW IN THE OTHER, T0 A DEGREE DEPENDING UPON THE PRESSURE DROP IN THE PIPING COMMON T0 BOTH.
Expansion tanks are a necessary part of all closed hydronic systems to control both minimum and maximum pressure throughout the system. A comprehensive review of tank types and sizing procedure for expansion tanks.
How does Boyle’s law relate to sizing expansion tanks in domestic hot water systems?
what size expansion tank is required?